纽马克语义翻译与交际翻译

CommunicativeNoattempttodistinguishtypesorqualityoftexts;Strongontheory,butshortonmethodandpracticalexamples;Unawareofeachotherswork.,Themonistictheoryoftranslation,“Thetwoconcepts(CTthattranslationislikelanguage,ispurelyasocialphenomenon.”(Newmark,2001:62)e.g.Nida:Translatingiscommunicating.,Linguisticsbases,“Translationtheoryderivesfromcomparativelinguistics,andwithlinguistics,itismainlyanaspectofsemantics;allquestionsofsemanticrelatetotranslationtheory”Vygotsky：Innerspeechisnottheinterioraspectofexternalspeech,itisafunctioninitself.Itistoalargeextentthinkinginpuringmeanings.“Thinkingprecedesspeechandwriting.”,CommunicativeandSemantictranslation,DefinitionComparisonofCTwhileCTcombinestheadvantagesofadaption,freeandidiomatictranslation.Itcanbecountedasthemostdesiredtranslationmethod.,ComparisonofCTshouldonlyhelpTTreaderwithconnotationsiftheyareacrucialpartofmessage;CT:Subjective,TTreaderfocused,orientedtowardsanspecificlanguageandculture.,RelationtoSourceText,ST:AlwaysinferiortoST;lossofmeaning.CT:MaybebetterthantheST;gainofforceandclarityeveniflossofsemanticcontent.,UseofformofSL,ST:IfSTlanguagenormsdeviate,thenthismustbereplicatedinTT;loyaltytoSTauthor.CT:RespectfortheformoftheSL,butoverridingloyaltytoTLnorms.,FormofTargetLanguage,ST:morecomplex,moreawkward,moredetailed,moreconcentrated,ittendstoovertranslateCT:smoother,simpler,clearer,moredirect,moreconventional,conformingtoaparticularregisteroflanguage,tendingtoundertranslate,Appropriateness,ST:forseriousliterature,autobiography,personaleffusion,anyimportantpolitical(orother)statement.CT:forthevastmajorityoftexts,e.g.non-literarywriting,technicalandinformativetexts,publicity,standardizedtypes,popularfiction.,TextTypes,ExpressivetextsInformativetextsVocativetexts,Wetpaint!A：湿油漆！（ST）B：油漆未干，请勿触摸！（CT）西游记A：JourneytotheWest（ST）B：PilgrimagetotheWest（CT）“谋事在人，成事在天”A:Manproposes,Heavendisposes.(ST)B:Manproposes,Goddisposes.(CT),这是七月下旬，合中国旧历的三伏，一年最热的时候。(ChienChung-shu,2010:1)ItwastowardtheendofJuly,equivalenttothe“san-fu”periodofthelunarcalendarthehottestdaysoftheyear.(KellyandMao,2003:1),ThroughtheLooking-Glass爱丽丝镜中奇遇记,“Feather,Isay!”“WhydoyousayFeathersooften?”Aliceaskedatlast,rathervexed.“Imnotabird!”“Youare,”saidthesheep:“youarealittlegoose”CT:“撇桨呀，我说！”阿丽思有点儿觉得她频气了，她就说，“你干嘛老说别讲啊？我也没讲啊！”“什么没桨！”那绵羊说，“你手里摇的是什么，你简直是个笨猪。”(赵元任)ST:“我说，羽毛！”“为什么你老是说羽毛？”爱丽丝觉得烦了，终于问道，“我又不是禽鸟！”“你是禽鸟，”绵羊说，“你是只小鹅。”(王永年),父亲是前清举人，在本乡江南一个小县里做大绅士。,Hisfatherhadpassedthesecond-degreeexaminationunderManchuruleandwasaprominentsquireinhisnativedistrictsouthoftheYangtze.(KellyandMao,2003:8)Note:ThetraditionalChinesecivilexaminationsystemofferedthreeacademicdegrees,whichwereconductedatthreedifferentlevels-thecountry(orprefecture),theprovince,andthenationalcapital.Successfulcandidatesatthesethreelevelswereknownrespectivelyashsiu-tsai,chu-jen,andchin-shih.(KellyandMao,2003:353)（CT+ST）,SimilaritiesbetweenCT&ST,“Atranslationcanbemore,orless,semanticmore,orless,communicativeevenaparticularsectionorsentencecanbetreatedmorecommunicativelyorsemantically.”（PeterNewmark,2001:40）,SimilaritiesbetweenCT&ST,BothCT&STarerootedincognitivetranslation.CTandSTarebothsuitablefor:1)thetextconveysgeneralratherthanaculturally(temporallyandspatially)boundmessageandwhenthematterisimportantasthemanner.2)commonsenseortheinformationfreefromculturalrestrictions.,Comments,1.拓展了传统的直译和意译的概念，但其基本思维多少囿于传统的翻译二分法，没有脱离“忠实”的樊篱，进而提出“关