汉英翻译第四章句子翻译

“话题-说明”结构与“主语-谓语”结构“板块”式结构与“多枝共干”结构“左分支”结构与“右分支”结构人称与物称：汉英拟人法对比汉英平行结构对比汉英重量趋势对比句子基本成分对比,汉英句法对比,“话题-说明”结构与“主-谓”结构,汉语句子的“话题”与“说明”结构“话题”是说明的对象，总是放在句子开头处。若语境或上下文能暗示话题，也可能省略不提。“说明”位于话题之后，对话题进行说明、解释或质疑。“说明”部分与“话题”部分不存在一致关系。“说明”可以是一个名词或动词，也可以是一连串的名词短语或连动结构，还可以由形容词及各种词组充当，对结尾没有限制，可长可短，视语义而定。汉语的连谓句典型地反映出话题的后面一长串说明的特点（因为凡与话题有关的内容都可放在后面对其进行说明）英语句子结构：一个主语和一个谓语相一致,这件事你不用操心。Thisyoudonotneedtoworry.Youdontneedtoworryaboutthis.Thereisnoneedforyoutoworryaboutthis.秘书今天没来，她生病了。Thesecretaryisabsentfromworktodaybecausesheisill.那女人虽是山里模样，然而应酬得很从容，说话很能干，寒暄之后，就赔罪，说她特来叫她的儿媳妇回家，因为开春事务忙，而家中只有老的和小的，人手不够了。（鲁迅祝福）Althoughthiswomanlookedlikethehill-dwellershewas,shebehavedwithgreatself-possessionandhadareadytongueinherhead.Aftertheusualcivilitiessheapologizedforcomingtotakeherdaughter-in-lawback,explainingthatearlyspringwasabusytimeandtheywereshort-handedathomewithonlyoldpeopleandchildrenaround.,老拴正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻到一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门停住了。（鲁迅药）Absorbedinhiswalking,OldShuanwasstartledwhenhesawthecrossroadlyingdistantlyaheadofhim.Hewalkedbackafewstepstostandundertheeavesofashopinfrontofitscloseddoor.正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，又出来一位姑娘，年纪约十八九岁，装束与前一个毫无分别，瓜子脸儿，白净面皮，相貌不过中人之姿，只觉得秀而不媚，清而不寒。（刘鹗老残游记）Amidstthefeverishbustle,thereappearedonthestageagirlabouteighteenornineteenyearsold,dressedupjustliketheformer.Herfacewasshapedlikemelon-seed.Herbeautywasabovetheaveragewoman-charmingbutnotcoquettish,andaclarityofcomplexionbutnotcoldness.,“板块”式结构与“多枝共干”结构,汉语为“板块”式结构：其“意合”特点常表现为句内各成分一一罗列，呈并列状，外形上没有主从之分，层面之间没有明显的逻辑标记。英语为“多枝共干”型：英语句子的“主谓结构”为句子主干，其他成分则通过各种连带附加关系附着在这条主干上，犹如树枝与树干的关系。话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。Theysaythemomentum(势头)ofhistorywaseverthus:theempire,longdivided,mustunite;longunited,mustdivide.他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧张局势，必须马上停止。Theymuststopalltheirprovocations(挑衅)atonce,whichcreatetensions.,我常见许多青年的朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩优异,4)而语文程度不足以达意,5)甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面.倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译成英文,可能是:1)Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanyyoungfriends,2)Brightanddiligent,3)Doexceedinglywellinstudies,4)buttheyareratherweakinChinese,5)evencantwriteasmoothChineseletter.6)Whenaskedwhy,theyllsaytheyarenotinterestedinChinese.请看张培基先生的译文:Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanybrightanddiligentyoungfriendswhohavedoneexceedinglywellintheirstudies,butareratherweakinChinese.TheycannotevenwritealetterincorrectChinese.WhenIaskedthemwhy,theysaidtheywerenotinterestedintheChineselanguage.,“左分支”结构与“右分支”结构,思维模式差异：中国人的思维模式基本上是首先考虑事物的环境和外围因素，然后考虑具体事物或中心事物。西方人的思维模式正相反，首先考虑中心事物，然后才加上外围因素。,思维方式差异在句子结构上的表现,汉语“左分支”结构（“狮子头”形状）状语总放在谓语或句子主体前边定语无论长短，都置于中心词之前状语部分长，主谓部分短；主语部分长，谓语部分短；修饰成分长，中心成分短。英语“右分支”结构（“孔雀”形状）多数定语成分（除单词外）都置于中心词之后多数状语也置于主干成分之后重视末端重量，有时使用形式主语,村东头的王大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们也来了。TherecameAuntWangwhodweltattheeasternendofthevillage,andalsocamethevillagerswhohadbeendeceived.去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月。Heworkedhardwithacomputerinthelabfortenmonthsinordertocompleteaprojectlastyear.荷塘四面，长着许多蓊蓊郁郁的树。.inalush,shadyambienceoftreesallaroundthepond.(朱纯深译)Aroundthepondgrowsaprofusionofluxurianttrees.(王椒井译)Treesgrowsthickandboskyallaroundthepool.(杨宪益，戴乃迭译)Aroundthepondgrowsahugeprofusionoftrees,exuberantandluxuriant.(李明译),人称与物称：汉英拟人法对比,这种思潮以陈独秀为代表，认为Thisview,representedbyChenDuxiu,wasthat我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。Wehavewononevictoryafteranotherinourcareer.,金陵回春，古城新生，昔日饱尝的屈辱和灾难，至此如同梦魇终被摆脱。人民在自己的土地上辛勤劳作，把古城南京装扮得面貌一新。特别是近三十年来，改革开放又给这座美丽的名城注入了新的活力，崭新的工业都使这个具有古都特色的现代都市焕发出勃勃英姿。Balmyspringwindsreturnedtobringnewlifetothishistoriccity.Thenightmarishsufferingsandhumiliationsofthepastwereleftbehindonceandforall.ThecitizensofNanjinghavebeenworkinghardtogivethisage-oldtownanewappearance.Especiallyforthepastthirtyyears,thecountrysreformandopening-uppolicyhasinfusednewvigorintothisbeautifulandfamouscity.Newlybuiltindustries,alltheseandmoreaddedcharmandvitalitytothismodernmetropolis,whichretainstheambianceandfeaturesofanancientcapital.,汉英平行结构对比,汉语平行结构：“整句”中的句式结构。整句：结构相同或相似，字数大致相等，整齐地排列在一起的一组句子。整句形式：对偶、排比、反复Parallelism：英语话语组织的一种重要形式既是语法问题又是修辞问题，不仅局限于句子层面，还包括篇章层面,.时常会有些东西触动你的心，使你激昂，使你欢乐，使你忧愁，使你深思，这不是诗又是什么呢？（杨朔东风第一枝小跋）Thereisalwayssomethingthatcaninspireyouormotivateyou.Thereisalwayssomethingthatcanbringyoujoyorsorrow.Thereisalwayssomethingthatcangetyoudepressedandsetyouthinking.Canitbeanythingbutpoetry?,汉英重量趋势对比,汉语句首开放性（openbeginning）句尾收缩性（contractingending）或封闭性（closedending）英语句首封闭性句尾开放性,我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。ItwasakeendisappointmentthatIhadtopostponethevisitwhichIintendedtopaytoChinainJanuary.Combinethefollowingsentences:ThisistheeggthattheboyhatchedThisistheratthatstoletheeggThisisthecatthatcaughttheratThisisthedogthatbitthecatThisistheboythatchasedthedogThisistheboythatchasedthedogthatbitthecatthatcaughttheratthatstoletheeggthattheboyhatched.(追那条狗的就是这个男孩。他孵了个鸡蛋，被老鼠偷了。猫去抓老鼠，那狗反来咬猫。),那周瑞家的又和知能儿唠叨了一回，便往凤姐处来，穿过了夹道子，从李纨后窗下越过西花墙，出西角门，进凤姐院中。（红楼梦）译文1：Afterchattingforatimewiththenun,Mrs.ChouwentontoHis-fengsquarters.Shewalkedthroughthepassage,pastLiWansbackwindow,andskirtingthewestwall,enteredHis-fengscompoundbythewestside-gate.（杨译）译文2：AftergossipingabitlongerwithSapient,ZouRuiswifemadeherwaytoXi-fengsquarters.Togetthereshehadtogodownapassage-waybetweentwowalls,underthewindowsatthebackofLiWansapartments,alongthefootofanornamentalwall,andthroughagatewayinthewesterncornerofthecompound.（霍译）,1写作的技巧比起其他艺术的技巧来相当困难。初译Thetechniqueofwritingisratherdifficultcomparingwiththatoftheotherarts2与其一知半解，不如全然不知。初译Onemayaswellnotknowathingatallthanknowitbutimperfectly3被人拿走的书是我的，不是她的。初译Thebookhavingbeentakenawayismine，nothers4.张太太也被风吹病了。初译MrsZhangwasalsoblownsickbythewind.,5这个省矿产很丰富。初译Theprovincesmineralsarerich6到20岁那年，他也没有向家长告别就参了军。初译Bythetimehewastwenty，hejoinedthearmywithoutsayinggoodbyetohisparents7等我们的老师从国外回来，我们就要做完我们的工作了。初译Weshallfinishourworkbythetimeourteacherreturnsfromabroad8虽然识字是很好的一件事，但是，按鲁迅的说法，还有一个弊端。初译Althoughliteracyissomethingverydesirable，ithas，accordingtothewordsofLuXun，adrawback9“随身听”为学习外语提供了方便。初译LearningforeignlanguageshasbeenfacilitatedbyWalkmans10这个女孩十分紧张，当那个男人吻她时，她不知道如何办才好，她又激动又害怕。初译Thenervousgirldidntknowhowtodowithherselfwhenthemankissedher；shewassoexcitedandfearful,译例举隅及点评,我爱海，并不仅仅因为她的颜色美丽，和藏在海底那许多有趣的玩艺儿，而是爱她的胸襟宽阔，化污秽为清洁。（谢冰莹：海恋）Ilovetheseanotonlybecauseshehasthebeautifulhuesandmanyintriguingobjectshiddendeepunderneathher,butalsobecausesheisbroadandliberalenoughtoturnthefoulintothepure.(隋荣谊)我想他是不得已才向我求助的，因为他不想让家里人知道这件事。译文一：Ithinkhecametomeforhelpbecausehehadnoalternative,forhewantedhisfamilytoknownothingaboutthis.译文二：Ithinkheaskedmeforhelpoutofnecessity,forhedidntwanthisfamilytoknowaboutthis.,华大妈在枕头底下掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了，抖抖的装入衣袋，又在外面按了两下；便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向里屋子去了。（鲁迅药）译文一：Aftersomefumblingunderthepillow,hiswifeproducedapacketofsilverdollarswhichshehandedover.OlderShuanpocketeditnervously,pattedhispockettwice,thenlightingapaperlanternandblowingoutthelampwentintotheroom.(杨宪益，戴乃迭译)译文二：Aftersomefumblingunderthepillow,hiswifeproducedapacketofsilverdollarsandhandeditovertohim.OlderShuantookit,pocketeditnervouslyandpattedhispockettwice.Thenhelightedapaperlantern,blewoutthelampandwentintotheroom.(李明改译),中国的大河流都是从西流向东，使得南北之间的交通相对来说比较困难，因此铁路和公路成为了国家经济上必不可少的设施。AllChinasbigriversflowfromeasttowest,makingtransportationbetweenthenorthandthesouthrelativelydifficult.Asaresult,railroadsandhighwayshavebecomeindispensableforthenationseconomy.每年都有大批的外国旅游者来中国观光，中国有许多著名的旅游点，比如长城就是一个有重大历史意义的建筑物，桂林就是一个以不平凡的风景而闻名的地方。Everyyear,agreatnumberofforeigntouristscometovisitChina.Chinahasalotoffamousspots.Forexample,theGreatWallisastructureofgreathistoricalsignificance,andGuilinisaplaceknowforitsuniquescenicbeauty.,汉语中常用句型及其翻译,宋天锡（2000：:31-408）对汉语的常用的九种句型的特点及其英译进行了探讨。1）主谓单句；2）无主句；3）流水句；4）主题句；5）连动句；6）兼语句；7）意合句；8）主、次信息句；9）长句,一、主谓单句,1）鲁迅，绍兴人。（主语+名词谓语）LuXunwasfromShaoxing.SVC2）这个姑娘很漂亮。（主语+形容词谓语）Thatgirlisverypretty.SVC3）老舍是北京人。（主语+判断谓语）LaoShewasfromBeijing.SVC4)这花儿是白的。主语+判断谓语Thefloweriswhite.SVC5)水库是1958年修建的。主语+判断谓语Thereservoirwasbuiltin1958.SV(passive)6)他打破了杯子。主语+谓语+宾语Hebroketheglass.SVO7)李先生教我们地理。主语+谓语+宾语+宾语Mr.Liteachesusgeography.SVOO,8)广州近几年发生了巨大变化。TherehavebeengreatchangesinGuangzhouinrecentyears.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinGuangzhouinrecentyears.9）这个地区多雨。Itrainsalotinthisarea.Thereismuchraininthisarea.10）他说不出来。Heisunabletoexpressit.Heisunabletoexpresshimself.11）王先生心里有事，急促地走着。可是，满街光怪陆离的景色，不断地闯入他的眼帘。MrWangwalkedhurriedlyalong,preoccupiedwithhisownthoughts,butthekaleidoscopicstreetscenedcontinuouslyforcedthemselvesonhisattention.(黄新渠译),二、无主句,12）只盼着早些回家，洗去一身的疲劳，泡上一杯清茶，点上一柱檀香，打开半卷的书卷，一任轻柔的旋律把我带进一个美丽的境界。Tobehomemeanstoensadaysfatigueandenjoymyselfinaworldofmyown.Withanicecupofteaandaburningsandal-woodstickbymyside,Icaneitherresumemysuspendedreading,orlistenleisurelytoasoftmelodyandletmyselfbecarriedawaytoafairylandofbeauty.（陈文伯译）,三、流水句,13）各种房屋，以自然村排列，错落有致，一条小河穿村而过，岸边停泊着旧式小渔舟，水面上一群群小鸭、白鹅自由地浮游着，深巷草屋，绿树丛中，时而传来鸡鸣狗吠之声Thedifferenthouseswereproperlydistributedtoformnaturalhamlets;throughthevillageflowedastream,withsmallold-stylefishingboatsmooredatitsbanksandflocksofducksandgeesefloatingpeacefullyonitswater;fromdeepalleysandthatchedcottagesandfromamonggreentreescamethecrowingofroostersandthebarkingofdogs（蒋坚松译）,四、主题句,14）过去向我们学习的人，现在反而超过了我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策。Thefactthatthosewhohadlearnedfromusnowexcelledusreallyservesasanimpetustous.Itreallyservesasanimpetustousthatthosewhohadlearnedfromusnowexcelledus.,五、连动句,15）吴老太爷接过来恭恭敬敬地摆在膝头，就闭了眼，干瘪的嘴唇上浮出了一丝放心的微笑。OldMr.Wutookitandlaiditreverentlyonhislap.Heclosedhiseyesagain,withafaintsmileofpeaceonhisshriveledlips.16）我下楼在门口买了几个大红橘子，塞在手提袋里，顺着歪斜不平的石板路，走到那小屋的门口。Iwentdownstairs,boughtsomeorangesonthestreet,stuffedtheminmybag,andheadedalongthenarrowandwindingpathtotheshack.17）他下意识地举起手来解释阴与阳之间的相互依存关系。Heinvoluntarilyraisedhishandtoexplainthatyinandyangaremutuallyindispensableandengendering.,六、兼语句,18）我们请王先生下周日同我们一起去登山。WeinvitedMr.Wangtogomountain-climbingwithusnextSunday.19）桌上有一本书写得很好。Therewasonebookonthedeskwhichwasverywellwritten.20）是这篇文章启发了我，使我改变了主意。Itwasthisarticlethatilluminatedmeandmademechangemymind.,21）我请他明天晚上到我这来。Iaskedhimtocomeovertometomorrowevening.22）老师表扬她乐于助人。Ourteacherpraisesherbecausesheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.23）这部电影使我们颇感兴趣。Themovieinterestedusverymuch.Themoviemadeusinterestedinitverymuch.,七、意合句,24）最近二三十年来，世界的科学技术日新月异地发展，专业化的分工更细，协作的规模更大。Therecenttwoorthreedecadeshavewitnessedthefantasticspurtofscienceandtechnologythroughouttheworldwiththeresultthatthereisahigherdegreeofspecializationandagreaterscaleofcoordination.,八、话题句,25）这个问题我想得头疼。Itisaheadachetometoconsiderthematter.26）小王啊，来不了啦。AstoXiaoWang,hecantmakehispresence.27）大家在足球场上都尽心尽力，这场球他踢破了两双球鞋。Alldidtheirbestonthefootballfield.Tocompeteinthismatch,heevengottwopairsofhisshoestornapart.,将汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的宾语：28）这本书我是在教室里发现的。Ifoundthisbookintheclassroom.二、将汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的状语：29）这个历史伟业，我们党领导全国人民已经奋斗了五十年。Asforthishistoriccause,theCommunistPartyofChinahasledthewholeChinesepeopletostrugglefor50years.三、将汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的主语或者主语的一部分。30）玩沙的乐趣，玩沙的人才知道。Playingwithsandisanenjoymentonlyforthesand-players.四、将汉语中现存句的话题转换成地点状语置于英语的”Therebe”句型中。31）会议室里可能还有空位置给你们坐。Theremightstillbesomevacantseatsforyouinthemeetingroom.,汉英句子翻译方法,1.增译法(amplification)2.减译法(omission)3.词类转移法(conversion)4.重译法(repetition)5.词序调整法(inversion)6.分译法(division)7.正说反译,反说正译法(negation)8.语态变换法(thechangeofthevoices),1.Amplification,由于英汉两种语言文字之间存在巨大差异，在翻译过程中很难做到字词句上完全对等。因此，为了准确地传达出原文的信息，往往需要对译文增译。所谓增译，就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从而使译文在句法和语言形式上符合汉语的习惯并使译文在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文保持一致，以达到译文与原文在内容、形式和精神方面对等的目的。这里的增加不是无中生有随意增加，而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些部分。1)AmplificationbysupplyingPronouns2）Amplificationbyaddingnecessaryconnectives,articles,orprepositions3）Amplificationbysupplyingnecessarybackgroundwords,1、在汉译英时，为了保证译文语法结构完整而需要增补词语得现在大致可分为四类词：代词、连词、介词及冠词。跑了和尚跑不了庙。Themonkmayrunaway,butthetemplecantrunawaywithhim.小不忍则乱大谋。Ifoneisnotpatientinsmallthing,onewillneverbeabletocontrolgreatventures.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。Solongasgreenhillsremain,therewillneverbeashortageoffirewood.一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。Afenceneedsthesupportofthreestakes,anablefellowneedsthehelpofthreeotherpeople.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.,2、为了保证译文意思的明确而增词增补的词有：原文中暗含而无需明言的词、概括性词和注释性词语例如：谁都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些。EveryoneknowsthatlifeontheKoreanbattlefieldwasratherhard.结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。Thepracticeofgivinglavishfeastsatweddingscanwellbedispensedwith.班门弄斧。ShowoffonesproficiencybeforeLuBan-themastercarpenter.三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiang-themastermind.,温故而知新，可以为师也。Amanwhoisabletoreviewpastknowledgeandacquirenewknowledgeisqualifiedtobeateacher.学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。Readingwithoutthinkingresultsinbewilderment;thinkingwithoutreadingresultsinperil.知之为知之，不知为不知，是智也。Whenyouknowsomething,sayyouknowit;ifyoudontknowit,justsayyoudontknowit.Thatiswisdom.,我们要对问题做全面的分析，才能妥善解决。大作收到，十分高兴。交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。没有调查就没有发言权。我们要确定两个开放：一是对内开放，一是对外开放。看粮食，要看中国的农业；看农业，首先要看市场。Wemustmakeacomprehensiveanalysisofaproblembeforeitcanbeproperlysolved.Iwasverygladtohavereceivedyourwriting.Beforehandinginyourtranslation,youhavetoreaditoverandoveragainandseeifthereisanythinginittobecorrectedorimproved.Hewhomakesnoinvestigationandstudyhasnorighttospeak.Wehavedecidedonanopenpolicyintworespects:namelytoopenbothwithinthenationandtotheworld.Tohaveabetterunderstandingofthefoodsituationinchinawemusttakeafullviewofheragriculture,andtoknowtheagriculturewemustfirstlookatthefoodmarket.,王子犯法与民同罪。要提倡顾全大局。铁饭碗对毕业生可以采取“双向选择”的制度。Whenanyoneamongthepeoplebreaksthelaw,hetooshouldbepunished.Weshouldadvocatethespiritoftakingthewholesituationintoconsideration.“ironricebowl”,ChinassystemoflifetimejobandincomesecurityThetwo-waychoicesystemcanbeadoptedforcollegegraduates,whichmeansthatgraduatescouldchooseemployersandemployerscouldchoosegraduates.,人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。勤能补拙。知识的问题是一个科学的问题，来不得半点的虚伪和骄傲，决定的需要的倒是其反面诚实和谦虚的态度。你要有知识，你就得参加变革现实的实践。你要知道梨子的滋味，你就得变革梨子，亲口吃一吃你要知道革命的理论和方法，你就得参加革命。一切真知都是从直接经验发源的。但人不能事事直接经验，事实上多数的知识都是间接经验的东西，这就是一切古代的外域的东西。,Itisimpossibletojudgepeoplefromtheirappearance,andimpossibletomeasuretheoceanbypints./Wecantjudgepeoplefromtheirappearance,justaswecantmeasuretheoceanbypints.Diligencemakesupforthedeficiency/inability.,Knowledgeisamatterofscience,andnodishonestyorconceitwhatsoeverispermissible.Whatisrequiredisdefinitelythereverse-honestyandmodesty.Ifyouwantknowledge,youmusttakepartinthepracticeofchangingreality.Ifyouwanttoknowthetasteofapear,youmustchangethepearbyeatingityourself.Ifyouwanttoknowthetheoryandmethodsofrevolution,youmusttakepartinrevolution.Allgenuineknowledgeoriginatesindirectexperience.Butonecannothavedirectexperienceofeverything;asamatteroffact,mostofourknowledgecomesfromindirectexperience,forexample,allknowledgefrompasttimesandforeignlands.,2、Omission,为了使译文符合英语的表达习惯和修辞特点。注意：词的省略不是原文思想和内容的任意删减。省词的原则：在译文中看来是可有可无的、或是多余的词语。其意思已经包含在上下文里的词语。其含义在译文中是不言而明的词语。1）原文中重复出现的词语读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不会后退。Wewontretreat,weneverhaveandneverwill.勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。Courageinexcessbecomesfoolhardiness,affectionweakness,thriftavarice.(rhyme),2）原文中表示范畴的词语汉语中的一些名词，如“任务”、“工作”、“情况”、“状态”、“问题”、“制度”、“事业”、“局面”等用来表示范畴时常失去具体意义，一般省略不译。在党的领导下，中国人民已经完成了解放事业。UndertheleadershipoftheParty,theChinesepeoplehavesucceededintheirliberation.我们结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。Wehaveputanendtothesocialunrestandupheavalofthattime.多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。Formanyyearstherehasbeenseriousunemploymentinthatcountry.3）可能影响译文修辞效果的词语花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。（周而复上海的早晨）Thegardenwasaparadiseonearth,withmorefoodandclothesthancouldbeconsumedandmoremoneythancouldbespent.日军所至，杀戮人民、奸淫妇女、焚毁村庄、掠夺财物，无所不用其极。WherevertheJapanesetroopwent,theymassacredandraped,burnedandlooted,andstoppedatnothing.,Practice,1、每条河流都有上游、中游和下游。2、沉默啊，沉默啊！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。3、中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。4、中国人民渴望世界持久和平，促进共同发展和共同繁荣。1、Everyriverhasitsupper,middleandlowerreaches.2、Silence!Silence!Unlessweburstout,weshallperishinthissilence.3、ThepeopleofChinahavealwaysbeenencourageousenoughtoprobeintothings,tomakeinventionsandtomakerevolutions.4、Chinesepeoplelongforalastingworldpeacesoastopromotecommondevelopmentandprosperity.,5、我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。6、许多家用电器都是在中国制造的，这些家用