Lecture 7 sentence writing 句子写法.ppt

SentenceWriting,1,1.EnglishSentenceWriting,1.1TypesofSentences1.2BasicSentencePatterns1.3ExpandingBasicSentencePatterns1.4SentenceStructureProblems1.5Subject-VerbAgreement,新世纪实用英语写作,新世纪实用英语写作,新世纪实用英语写作,新世纪实用英语写作,2,1.1TypesofEnglishSentences,SimpleSentenceCompoundSentenceComplexSentenceCompound-complexsentenceDeclarativeSentenceInterrogativeSentenceImperativeSentenceExclamatorySentence,3,简单句：只包含一个主谓结构且各个成分均由词组构成的句子。e.g.Heknowseverythingaboutit.复杂句：带有其他主谓结构作为句子成分的句子。e.g.Hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue.并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句。e.g.Mostofuswereinthehall,thedoorshadbeenclosed,andthelatecomershadtowaitoutside.并列复杂句：包含一个或一个以上的复杂句作为并列成分的句子。e.g.Theywatchedtelevisionandenjoyedthemselvesinmensely,butwecouldntseetheprogrambecauseourtelevisionwasbroken.,4,Doyouknow?,ThestudentsIteachhavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.Thestudentswouldhavemadebettergradesiftheyhadstudiedhard.,(Simplesentence),(Complexsentence),5,Doyouknow?,Therearentasmanytreeshereasthereusedtobe.Didyouhearaboutthenewproject?Pleasesendmykindregardstoyourparents.Howitthunders!雷打得真响啊!,(Declarativesentence),(Imperativesentence),(Interrogativesentence),(Exclamatorysentence),6,1.2BasicSentencePatterns,SV(subject+intransitiveverb)主-动SVC(subject+linkingverb+subjectcomplement)主-动-补SVO(subject+transitiveverb+directobject)主-动-宾SVOiOd(subject+transitiveverb+indirectobject+directobject)主-动-宾-宾SVOC(subject+transitiveverb+object+objectcomplement)主-动-宾-补,7,SV,Theguestshavearrived.Thingschange.Thereexistavarietyofdifferentopinionsonthisquestion.P.S.There+be是倒装结构,谓语还可以是appear,come,enter,exist,happen,lie,live,occur,remain,rise,seem,stand等。,新世纪实用英语写作,新世纪实用英语写作,新世纪实用英语写作,8,SVC,Hardworkandhonestyarethekeystosuccess.Withoutsuitablepreservation,foodgoesbadeasily.P.S.系动词还有appear,become,grow,prove,run,seem,feel,look,smell,sound,taste等。,新世纪实用英语写作,9,SVO,Studentsoftenreciteusefulphrasestobeusedintheircompositions.Doyoumindfillingoutthisapplicationform?P.S.以动名词作宾语的动词包括avoid,admit,deny,enjoy,finish,keep,mind,postpone,recommend,prefer,require,resume,risk,quit,practice等。,新世纪实用英语写作,10,SVOiOd(SVoO),一位朋友给我带来一本内科学的教科书。Afriendofminebroughtmeatextbookoflexicology.OR:Afriendofminebroughtatextbookoflexicologytome.P.S.此句型的动词有bring,buy,fetch,get,give,lend,offer,save,sell,send,show,take,wish等。,新世纪实用英语写作,11,SVOC,在SVOC结构中，及物动词之后跟宾语和宾语补语。Today,wecallEinsteinagenius.Theybelieveitimportanttomakeanearlydiagnosisofcancer.P.S.主谓宾补结构的常见动词有believe,call,consider,cut,elect,find,have,keep,leave,let,like,make,name,polish,think,want,wish等。,12,OnAuguest6,1945,anAmericanaircraftdroppedabombontheJapanesetownofHiroshima./Thebombexploded1,000ft.abovetheground./Withinthefractionofasecond,thebombchangedfromametalcylinderintoanimmensemassofexpandinggas,millionsofdegreeshot./Theairitselfaroundthepointofexplosionbegantoburn./Ashowerofpenetratinginvisibleraysattackedeverylivingordeadthinginthetown./Thenfollowedashock-wave(冲击波)whichshatteredthebuildingsandatremendousblastofhotairwhirledthedebrisofstone,concrete,metalandwoodovertheground./Theexplosionkilledatleast140,000peopleandlefttensofthousandsofothersdisfiguredforlife.,13,Comparethefollowingsentences：HongKongisaverylargecity.HongKongisanovercrowdedandcommercializedcity.HongKongisanovercrowdedandcommercializedcitywithapopulationofoversevenmillion.,1.3ExpandingSentences,14,Howtoexpandsentences?,(1)Addition增添法(2)Coordination并列法(3)Subordination从属法,15,（1）Addition,ExpandingwithModifierWords(修饰词)ExpandingwithModifierPhrases(修饰短语)a.用介词短语扩展b.用不定式短语扩展c.用动名词短语扩展d.用分词短语扩展,16,Putmulti-modifiersinorder：,限定词（冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等）数词一般描绘性形容词（短词语在前，长词语在后）表示大小、长短、高低的形容词表示形状的形容词表示年龄、新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词表示物质、材料的形容词表示用途、类别的形容词。,17,简化版：限定描绘大长高形状年龄和新老颜色国籍出材料作用类别往后靠,18,教室里有一张新的日本制造圆形红色木质大课桌。,Examplesofmodifierphrases,Withgreatfeeling,MartinLutherKing,Jr.expressedhisdreamoffreedom.介词短语Itsdifficulttomakeadecisionwithoutknowingallthefacts.不定式短语Theganitorstaggereddownthestairway,gaspingforair.动名词短语Anewtechniquehavingbeenworkedout,theyieldsthisyearasawholeincreasedby30%inthisarea.分词短语,19,（2）Coordination,ExpandingwithCompoundSentences(并列句)使用并列连词and,or,but,notonly.butalso,so,either.or,yet.使用连接副词however,moreover,otherwise,therefore,besides.使用分号连接ExpandingwithParallelism（平行结构）,20,ExpandingwithParallelism,Youthisnotatimeoflife;itisastateofmind.青春不是年华，而是心境；Itisnotamatterofrosycheeks,redlipsandsuppleknees.青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，Itisamatterofthewill,aqualityoftheimagination,vigoroftheemotions而是深沉的意志、宏伟的想象、炽热的感情,21,（3）Subordination,ExpandingwithNounClause名词从句主语从句，同位语从句，表语从句，宾语从句ExpandingwithAdjectiveClause形容词从句定语从句/关系从句ExpandingwithAdverbialClause副词从句状语从句，包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等,22,Whenwewillgotoschoolisstillaquestion.主语从句Ihaveafriendwhosecousinisatennisplayer.定语从句Thedoctoraskedthepatientwhathehadhadforlunch.宾语从句Thenewsthatourteamwonthegamemadeushappy.同位语从句IknowhowtolightacampfirebecauseIhaddoneitbefore.状语从句,23,Combineeachgroupofsentencesintoasinglesentence,usingcoordination,subordinationorboth:1.Thisisagoodspotforapicnic.Ariverflowsononeside.Alargetreeprovidesshade.Wecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll(小山).Withariver.andalargetree.,thisisa.andwecanspread.2.Thestoryiswritteninplainlanguage.Itconsistsofthreeparts.Ithasaninterestingplot.Theplotcentersroundanoldaristocraticfamily.Thefamilylivedin17th-centuryFrance.Thestory,writtenin.,consistsof.withaninteresting.centering.,24,25,3.Hewasnearingthetop.Hiseyeswerealreadyglowingwithtriumph.Hewasclimbingfasterandfaster.Heclimbedrecklesslyfast.Hesuddenlyslippedandfell.Hetumbledtotheground.Helaymotionlessthere.Hewasacrumpledpileofarmsandlegs.Nearingthetop,heclimbedrecklesslyfasterandfaster,hiseyesglowingwithtriumph,buthesuddenly.,trumbling.laying,acrumpled.,1.4SentenceStructureProblems,Whatswrongwiththefollowingsentences?Topleasethevisitors,acrosstalkwasperformed.Withouttellinganyone,evenhersister,Mary,goingtothepark,meetingherfriends.Thephysicsproblemswerejustimpossible,theytookalldaytodo.Thatthecoursewassohardweallstudieddayandnight,withnoonegettinganAoraB.IknockedatthedoorwhentheladycameIgavehermostingratiating（讨好的）smile.,26,FourTypesofCommonProblems,(1)SentenceFragments残缺句(2)Run-onSentences粘连句（接排句）(3)MisplacedModifiers误置修饰语(4)DanglingModifiers悬垂修饰语,27,(1)SentenceFragments,Asentencefragmentisagroupofwordsthatlacksasubjectoraverbanddoesnotexpressacompletethought.Havingdrivenacrossthedesert.Weenjoyedthecoolweather.Corrected：Havingdrivenacrossthedesert,weenjoyedthecoolweather.Havingnomoneyandbeinglonelyinthebigcity.Corrected：Havingnomoneyandbeinglonelyinthebigcity,theoldwomancommittedsuicide.,28,Practice,Revisethefollowingrun-onsentencesDramaticweatherconditionsdontalwayscausedisasters.Butattimescreatebeautifulsituationsaswell.Althoughshesaysthatshedoesntliketoread.Forexample,icecreamandchocolatecake.,29,粘连句(接排句)就是两个或更多的句子混合交织在一起，没有正确的标点或连接词标明关系的句子。Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown,allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.Corrected：Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown,but/;however,/allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.,(2)Run-OnSentences,30,Practice,Revisethefollowingrun-onsentencesWomennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessionstheyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths.Utahisfamousforhersceneryandfriendlypeople,Ilovelivinginthisstateparticularly.,31,(3)MisplacedModifiers,误置修饰语，亦称“修饰语错位”，在修饰语和其所修饰的中心词之间不恰当地夹进了其他成分。修饰语与被修饰语尽量不要离得太远，否则，句子意义会含糊不清。Hesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats.Therobberwasdescribedasasix-foot-tallmanwithamustacheweighing150pounds.Corrected:Hesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstotheman.Corrected:Therobberwasdescribedasa150-pound,six-foot-tallmanwithamustache.,32,Practice,Identifythemisplacedwordorwordsineachsentence.Thelionesswatchedthetrainercaringforhercubinthecage.SheisteachingaseminarthistermonmarketeconomyattheOsakaInternationalUniversity.Theanimaltrainerrodeontheelephantwithabrokenfoot.Tonyboughtanoldcarfromacrooked（不正当的）dealerwithafaultytransmission(变速器).Thesuburbsnearlyhadfiveinchesofrain.,33,(4)DanglingModifiers,悬垂修饰语（DanglingModifiers）是指在句子中没有修饰对象的词或词组。辨别悬垂修饰语时，首先要判断修饰语的逻辑主语和主句的逻辑主语是否一致。当一个句子的修饰语置于句首时，其动作的执行者通常是其后句中的主语，否则，则该修饰语为悬垂修饰语.Towritewell,goodbooksmustberead.Corrected:Towritewell,Imustreadgoodbooks.Towritetheproposal,researchmustbedone.Corrected:Towritetheproposal,theprofessormustfirstdosomeresearch.非限定性动词短语作状语时，易形成悬垂性修饰语。,34,Practice,Pleaserevisethefollowingsentenceswithdanglingmodifiers.Thumbingthroughthemagazine,hereyesautomaticallynoticedthecosmeticads.Topleasethevisitors,acrosstalkwasperformed.Onenteringtheteachersoffice,aterrestrialglobe（地球仪）caughthisattention.Thoughonlyseventeen,thearmyacceptedhisapplication.,35,1.5Subject-VerbAgreement,(1)IndefinitePronounsasSubjects不定代词作主语(2)CompoundSubjects复合主语(3)InterveningWords插入语(4)CollectiveNouns集体名词(5)PluralFormswithSingularMeaning复数形式表单数意义,36,(1)IndefinitePronounsasSubjects,作主语时时，要求谓语动词用单数。-onewords-bodywords-thingwordsonenobodynothinganyoneanybodyanythingeveryoneeverybodyeverythingsomeonesomebodysomething,37,Doyouknow?,Findtherightsubjects.Thepoorattitudeofmanystudents(is/are)responsibleforthehighnumberoffailures.(主语是attitude而不是students)Twopairsofpliers,onelargeandonesmall,(is/are)missingfrommytoolbox.(主语是twopairsofpliers),38,(2)CompoundSubjects,Successandfameareoftenthelitmustestsofonescharacter.Thesecretaryandtheaccountantwerepresent.(两个人)Thesecretaryandaccountantwaspresent.(同一个人),39,(3)InterveningWords,插入成分有alongwith,aswellas,like,nolessthan,except,but，inadditionto，togetherwith等连词或介词。Tomandhisbrotherwas/werehomefortheholidays.Tom,alongwithhisbrother,was/werehomefortheholidays.,40,(4)CollectiveNouns,集合名词是表示一类人或事物的总称。1)通常作复数的集合名词。如police,people,cattle,militia（民兵）,poultry(家禽),vermin(害虫)2)通常作不可数名词的集合名词。如foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise3)既可作单数也可作复数的集合名词。如audience,committee,class,crew,family,government,public,41,Practice,1.Ateamwhich(