英国历史简介英文版.ppt

Chapter8HistoryofBritain,ThebeginningofBritainTheEarlysettlers(-55B.C.)RomanBritain(55B.C.-410A.D.)Anglo-SaxonBritain(410-871)VikingBritain(871-1042)NormanConquest(1066),TheEarlySettlers(-55B.C.)8,000yearsagoGreatBritainbecameanislandNativesofBritainIberians(3000BC-2000BC)ThefirstsettlersofBritainfromtheMediterraneanarea,StonehengeinSouthwestEnglandBuiltbetween3000BCand1000BCThemostfamousprehistoricmonumentandtouristattraction,TheCeltsbegantoarriveBritainabout700BC.tallandgolden-hairedfromCentralEuropefarmerswarlikepeople,RomanBritain(55B.C.-410),BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.Fornearly400years,BritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,thoughitwasneveratotaloccupation.,RomanInvasion,RomanCivilizationThemonth“July”isnamedafterJuliusCaesarhimself.ChristianitytoBritainExtraordinaryachievementinbuildingroads“AllRoadsLeadtoRome”HadriansWallEnglandsgreatwall2000yearsago,RomaninfluenceonBritainwaslimited.First,theRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass.Second,neverduringthe4centuriesdidtheRomansandBritonsintermarry.Third,theRomanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.,Anglo-SaxonBritain(410-871)BasisofModernEnglishrace:theAnglo-SaxonsTheAngle,Saxon,andJutetribesinvadedin5thand6thcenturiesTheAnglo-SaxonslefttheirhomeinnorthernGermanyandDenmark.TheHeptarchy:sevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriacontendedforhegemony,St.AugustinThefirstArchbishopofCanterburyin601HebuilttheCanterburyCathedral.HeintroducedChristianitytoEngland.ThefounderoftheEnglishchurch,KingArthurThebest-knownEnglishlegendThe5thcenturyStoryKingArthurunitedtheBritishHisfamousroundtableknightsDrovetheSaxonsbackwithhismagicalswordAheroofBritish,wholeadsthedefenseagainsttheAnglo-Saxoninvadersintheearly6thcentury,Viking(871-1042)InvasiontimeInthelate8thcenturyFromDenmarkNorsemen,“peoplefromtheNorth”From1017to1041EnglandwasruledbyDanishkings.,AlfredtheGreatThekingofWessexThefatherofBritishnavyAcapablemilitaryleaderandadministrator,WestminsterAbbeyIn1042ByEdward,KingofEngland,afaithfulChristianOneoftheoldestbuildingsinLondonAlivingmonumenttoBritishhistoryAlmostallEnglishkingshavebeencrownedthere.,InfluencesoftheDanishInvasionManyDanishwordsbecameapartoftheBritishvocabulary.Suchas:sky,they,their,them,bank,gate,guessetc.BritishsystemofcountingwasadoptedfromtheDanes.Like:dozen,penny,foot.ManynamesofEnglishtownsareborrowedfromtheDanes.,NormanConquestThelastforeigninvasioninEnglandThebest-knowneventinEnglishhistoryDukeWilliamofNormandy,fromnorthernFranceWilliamisoftenreferredtoasWilliamtheConqueror.,OnOctober14,1066WilliamandhisarmydefeatedtheEnglisharmyinthebattleofHastings.WilliamwascrownedKingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbey,knownasWilliamIofEngland.ThisinvasioniscalledNormanConquest.,InfluencesofNormanConquestLanguage-FrenchreplacedEnglishasthelanguageoftherulingclasses.-TheperiodofMiddleEnglishbegan.,ArchitectureTheTowerofLondon(Themostfamouscastle)EnglandbecamealandofcastlesDoomsdayBook-thebaseforfuturetaxation-ausefulsourceofinformationforthemonarchs,RobinHoodEnglandsbest-lovedlegendHeroicSaxonnoblemenoppressedbytheNormans“Merrymen”robbedfromtherichtogivetothepoor.,BritishInvasionHistory,PartIITheFeudalBritain(1066-1485)KeyPoints:1.CommonLaw2.TheMagnaCarta3.ThebeginningofParliament4.Thedeclineoffeudalism,FeudalBritainNormanConquestmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland1.AftertheNormanConquest,feudalismwasestablishedinEngland.2.Thenobilitygraduallygainedpower.3.Statemechanismwasgraduallyestablishedsuchastheparliamentarysystemandthecommonlaw.,ThesuccessionofmonarchsKings:WilliamI(1066-1154)-(grandson)-HenryII(1154-1189)-(son)-RichardI(1189-1199)-(brother)-KingJohn(1199-1216)-(son)-HenryIII(1216-1272)-EdwardIII-,Achievements:Normanconquest-thecommonlaw-crusades-theMagnaCarta-thebeginningofparliament-theestablishmentofparliamentarysystem.,ThebeginningoftheparliamentWhen?-1264,ThenoblesdefeatedthekingWho?-SimondeMonfortVSHenryIII,How?SimondeMonfortmadechangesintheformationoftheGreatCouncil-addedsomecommonersintothecouncilSignificance?-laidthefoundationforthedevelopmentoftheEnglishparliament,ThedeclineofFeudalismRoot:thefoundationofthemanorsystemwasshakenSeveraleventsshookthefoundationofthefeudalsociety.TheHundredYearsWarTheBlackMouthTylersRebellionTheWaroftheRoses,TheHundredYearsWarTime:1337-1453EventAseriesofwarsbetweenEnglandandFrance,UnexpectedbenefitsTherulingNormansbegantoregardEnglandastheirhome.Englishwasreestablishedastheofficiallanguage.,JoanofArcAfamouspeasantgirlUnderJoanofArc,Frenchwonanumberofvictories.RegardedasanationalFrenchheroine.,TheWaroftheRosesAseriesofcivilwarsbetweensupportersofLancasterandYork.ThebadgesaredroseVs.awhiteoneReasonIn1455theDukeofYorktriedtodisplacetheLancasterking,HenryVI.ResultIn1485,HenryTudor,asHenryVII,foundedtheTudorMonarchy.,TheBeginningoftheModernWorldFromthe16thtothe20thcentury,PartIIIHouseofTudor,Keypoints:TheEnclosureMovementGeographicalDiscoveryTheRenaissanceTheReformationHenryVIIIBloodyMaryTheElizabethanAge,1.TheEnclosureMovement,Inthe16thcentury,thedevelopmentoftextileindustrypushedupthepriceofwool.Landlordsbegantoturnlargeareasofarablelandintosheepgrazingland.,2.GeographicalDiscoveryWhy?-Ashortageofgold2Townsgrewrapidlyandbecamethesourceofthenationswealth.,3Mechanizationdestroyedthelivelihoodofthosewhocouldnotinvestinit.Theworkingmenworkedandlivedinaappallingconditions.4Theindustrialrevolutioncreatedtheindustrialworkingclass,theproletariat,anditlaterledtotradeunionism.,TheGloriousRevolutionWhen?1688Why?-TheparliamentdidnotwantaCatholicsuccessionaftertheKingsdeath.What?-TheparliamentinvitedMaryandWilliamtoruleEnglandtogether-in1689,theBillofRightsbecamelaw,Significance?-anewsystem,theConstitutionalMonarchy,wasborn