newmark翻译理论

PeterNewmark,1.philosophicalfoundation2.theoreticaldevelopment3.distinctionbetweenNewmarkandNidathe8translationmethodsReferencesDataanalysis,Tableofcontents,1.ThephilosophicalfoundationofNewmarksthinkingontranslation,Philosophyisafundamentalissueintranslationtheory.(Newmark,1981:6).TheAmericanphilosopherC.S.Peirce,thefounderofsemiotics,forcommunicativetranslationThemeaningofasignconsistsofalltheeffectsthatmayconceivablyhavepracticalbearingsonaparticularinterpretant,andwhichwillvaryinaccordancewiththeinterpretant.(Newmark,1981:5),theBritishphilosopherJ.AustinsdistinctionbetweenconstativeandperformativesentencesTranslationisacraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand/orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand/orstatementinanotherlanguage.(Newmark,1981:7)OneofthebasicdifferencesbetweenS-TandC-Tisonconstativeandperformative.(Newmark,1981:23),2.Newmarkstheoreticaldevelopment,SLbiasTLbiasliteralfreefaithfulidiomaticsemantic/communicative(Newmark,1981:39)SLemphasisTLemphasisword-for-wordadaptationliteralfreefaithfulidiomaticsemantic/communicative(Newmark,1988:45),The8translationmethods,Word-for-wordtranslationThisisoftendemonstratedasinterlineartranslation,withtheTLimmediatelybelowtheSLwords.TheSLword-orderispreservedandthewordstranslatedsinglybytheirmostcommonmeaning,outofcontext.Culturalwordsaretranslatedliterally.Themainuseofaword-for-wordtranslationiseithertounderstandthemechanicsofthesourcelanguageortoconstrueadifficulttextasapre-translationprocess.LiteraltranslationTheSLgrammaticalconstructionsareconvertedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsingly,outofcontext.Asapre-translationprocess,thisindicatestheproblemstobesolved.,FaithfultranslationAfaithfultranslationattemptstoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheoriginalwithintheconstraintsoftheTLgrammaticalstructures.Ittransfersculturalwordsandpreservesthedegreeofgrammaticalandlexicalabnormality(deviationfromSLnorms)inthetranslation.Itattemptstobecompletelyfaithfultotheintentionsandthetext-realizationoftheSLwriter.SemantictranslationSemantictranslationdiffersfromfaithfultranslationonlyinasfarasitmusttakemoreaccountoftheaestheticvalue(thatis,thebeautifulandnaturalsound)oftheSLtext,compromisingonmeaningwhereappropriatesothatnoassonance,word-playorrepetitionjarsinthefinishedversion.Further,itmaytranslatelessimportantculturalwordsbyculturallyneutralthirdorfunctionaltermsbutnotbyculturalequivalentanditmaymakeothersmallconcessionstothereadership.Thedistinctionbetweenfaithfulandsemantictranslationisthatthefirstisuncompromisinganddogmatic,whilethesecondismoreflexible,admitsthecreativeexceptionto100%fidelityandallowsforthetranslatorsintuitiveempathywiththeoriginal.,AdaptationThisisthefreeestformoftranslation.Itisusedmainlyforplays(comedies)andpoetry;thethemes,characters,plotsareusuallypreserved,theSLcultureconvertedtotheTLcultureandthetextrewritten.Thedeplorablepracticeofhavingaplayorpoemliterallytranslatedandthenrewrittenbyanestablisheddramatistorpoethasproducedmanypooradaptations,butotheradaptationshaverescuedperiodplays.FreetranslationFreetranslationreproducesthematterwithoutthemanner,orthecontentwithouttheformoftheoriginal.Usuallyitisaparaphrasemuchlongerthantheoriginalso-calledintralingualtranslation,oftenprolixandpretentious,andnottranslationatall.,IdiomatictranslationIdiomatictranslationreproducesthemessageoftheoriginalbuttendstodistortnuancesofmeaningbypreferringcolloquialismsandidiomswherethesedonotexistintheoriginal.(AuthoritiesasdiverseasSeleskovitchandStuartGilberttendtothisformoflively,naturaltranslation.)CommunicativetranslationCommunicativetranslationattemptstorendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership.,Theapparenttriumphoftheconsumeris,Ithink,illusory.Theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphasisonsourceandtargetlanguagewillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheoryandpractice.(Newmark:1981:38).ThepurposeofthechangeinthisperiodistonarrowdownthegapbetweenSLandTLorientationbymovingdownoneleveltowardstheconvergingtipoftheVdiagram.,In1981,NewmarksdefinitionofS-T:S-T=torender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal.In1988,hegavetheabovedefinitiontofaithfultranslationandaddedonemoreelementtoS-T:S-T=thecontextualmeaningandaestheticvalueoftheoriginalinTLsmeaningandstructureIn1981,NewmarkdefinedC-Tas:C-T=toproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginalIn1988,hegaveupeffectandredefinedC-Tas:C-T=torendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership.,The1stchangefrom1981to1988,ThedifferencebetweenS-TandC-T,The2ndchangefrom1988to1991,Replacethefunctionsoflanguagewithtwocorrelationsandarider(Newmark,1991:1-2):布拉格学派雅科布逊(Jakobson)提出的语言具有“表达功能”(theexpressivefunction),“信息功能”(theinformativefunction)和“呼唤功能”(thevocativefunction，或称“诱导功能”)这三大交际功能的观点，expressivetext:seriousimaginativeliterature、authoritativestatements、autobiography、personalcorrespondence;informativetext:scientific,technological，commercial，industry，economictextbook,report,paper,article,memo,minutesvocativetext:notices、instructions、propaganda,publicity、popularFiction(calluponpeopletoact,tothink,tofeel),Themoreimportantthelanguageofatext,themorecloselyitshouldbetranslated.(S-T)thelessimportantthelanguageofatextoranyunitoftextatanyrank,thelesscloselythattooneedbetranslated,andthereforeitmaybereplacedbytheappropriatenormalsociallanguage.(C-T)thebetterwrittenaunitofthetext,themorecloselyittooshouldbetranslated,whateveritsdegreeofimportance,providedthereisidentityofpurposebetweenauthorandtranslator,aswellasasimilartypeofreadership.(S-T)Thepurposeistrytoeliminatethedivisionbetweenthethreelanguagefunctions.,3DistinctionbetweenNidaandNewmark,Criticism:theirpropositionsaresame.ThisdescriptionofC-TresemblesNidasdynamicequivalenceintheeffectitistryingtocreateontheTTreader,whileS-ThassimilaritiestoNidasformalequivalence(Mundy,2001:44).,NewmarksdissatisfactionwithNidastheory,4typesoftextsforwhichtheeffectcannotberealized:(1)non-literarytextwithlanguagepeculiarity;(2)non-literarytextrelatingtothepeculiarityofaculture;(3)artisticworkwithastronglocalflavor;(4)artisticworkforself-relief(Newmark:1981:10-12).,Newmarkstranslatingmethodsarelanguagefunction-orientedwhereasNidasarereader-centered.ForNewmark,differentSTtypesrequirecorrespondingtranslationmethods,withone-to-onerelationshipbetweenSTandTT.ForNida,asameSTisaddressedtodifferentreadershipsandconsequentlyhasdifferentTLversions.ThegapbetweenS-TandC-TisnarrowerthanthatbetweenF-EandD-E.,WhileNidatreatsmeaningandformseparately,Newmarkregardsthemasanintegralwhole.WhileNidamakesitclearlythattopreservethecontentofthemessagetheformmustbechanged.(Nida,1969:5),Newmarkalwaysemphasizesinhistranslationmethodthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallow.,Theytreatmeaningdifferently.Nida:connotativemeaningandreferentialmeaningincludingobjects,events,abstractsandrelationsNewmarksObsessionofMeaningMeaningiscomplicated,many-leveled,anetworkofrelations.Amessageisonlyapartofacompletemeaning.(Newmark,1981:51),VarietiesofMeaning,Besides,meaningisrelatedtowritersbackground,culture(materialorideological),situation(formality,generality,objectivity),language(literal,figurative,expressive,informative,persuasiveorimperative,sound).(Newmark,1991:31),References:Munday,Jeremy.IntroducingTranslationStudies:TheoriesandApplications.London&NewYork:Routledge,2001.Newmark,Peter,ApproachestoTranslation,Oxford:PergamonPress,1981.Newmark,Peter.ATextbookofTranslation.London:PrenticeHall,1988.Newmark,Peter.AboutTranslation.Clevedon:MultilingualMatters,1991Nida,E.A.TowardaScienceofTranslating.Leiden:E.J.Brill.1964Nida,E.A.Language,CultureandTranslating.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.1993,Dataanalysis,勿踏草坪！Keepoffthegrass!Walkingonthegrassisforbidden油漆未干！Wetpaint!Thepaintisnotdry!世人都说神仙好。