学术英语综合第二单元ppt课件

学术英语AcademicEnglish,Unit2BusinessEthics,TextAStrikingtheRightBalance,FreeenterpriseFreeenterprisereferstothesystemofbusinessinwhichindividualsarefreetodecidewhattoproduce,howtoproduceit,andatwhatpricetosellit.自由企业制度，就是确保企业能够拥有在产权受法律保护的基础上所享有的自由创业权、自由经营权、自由交易权以及自由支配或处置财产权等一系列的制度安排。它包括产权制度、进入退出制度、公平竞争制度、平等合约制度、平等交易制度以及平等获取信息服务制度等。,Unit2BusinessEthics,TextABackgroundinformation,Doyouagreeornot?,Profitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusiness-AdamSmith,2016年315晚会：共筑消费新生态,【曝光】“饿了么”惊现黑心作坊看完你还会饿么？【曝光】制造用废钢料这样的假牙你敢戴吗？【权威发布】跨境电商进口儿童用品超三成不合格【消费预警】你买的人参可能一半是白糖！,Balanceprofitandbusinessethics,6,BusinessEthics,Businessethicsmeanswrittenandunwrittencodesofmoralstandardsthatarecriticaltothecurrentactivitiesandfutureaspirationsofabusinessorganization.Theycandifferfromonecompanytoanotherbecauseofdifferencesinculturalperspectives,operationalstructuresandstrategicorientations.Theguidingframeworkofbusinessethicsexistsalllevelsoftheorganization.Itisabouthavingthewisdomtodeterminethedifferencebetweenrightactionsandwrongdecisions.Insimplerterms,businessethicsprovidesthemoralitystandardsandbehavioralpatternsexpectedofindividualsandthebusinessasawhole.Thesemoralstandardscanbeperceivedintermsofthemicroenvironmentandmacroenvironmentofthebusiness.,StakeholderVSShareholder,Therearetwoschoolsofthoughtregardinghowcompaniesshouldapproachadefinitionforbusinessethics:theshareholderperspectiveandthestakeholderperspective.,StakeholderVSShareholder,ShareholderPerspectiveThosewhoapproachethicaldecisionmakingfromashareholderperspectivefocusonmakingdecisionsthatareintheownersbestinterest.Decisionsareguidedbyaneedtomaximizereturnoninvestmentfortheorganizationsshareholders.Individualswhoapproachethicsfromthisperspectivefeelthatethicalbusinesspracticesareonesthatmakethemostmoney.,StakeholderVSShareholder,StakeholderPerspectiveThephrasecorporatesocialresponsibilityisoftenusedindiscussionsofbusinessethics.Theideabehindthisconceptisthebeliefthatcompaniesshouldconsidertheneedsandinterestsofmultiplestakeholdergroups,notjustthosewithadirectfinancialstakeintheorganizationsprofitsandlosses.Organizationsthatapproachbusinessethicsfromastakeholderperspectiveconsiderhowdecisionsimpactthoseinsideandoutsidetheorganization.Stakeholdersmayinclude:employees,suppliers,customers,competitors,governmentagencies,thenewsmedia,communityresidentsandothers.Theideabehindstakeholderbasedethicaldecisionmakingistomakesoundbusinessdecisionsthatworkforthegoodofallaffectedparties.,ImportanceofEthicalBusinessDecisions,Companiesandpeoplewhobehaveinasociallyresponsiblemanneraremuchmorelikelytoenjoyultimatesuccessthanthosewhoseactionsaremotivatedsolelybyprofits.Knowingthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandchoosingwhatisrightisthefoundationforethicaldecisionmaking.Inmanycases,doingtherightthingoftenleadstothegreatestfinancial,social,andpersonalrewardsinthelongrun.,11,CorporateSocialResponsibility,DefinitionsCorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)isabouthowcompaniesmanagethebusinessprocessestoproduceanoverallpositiveimpactonsocietyCorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)referstoabusinesspracticethatinvolvesparticipatinginactivitiesthatbenefitsociety.,12,PyramidofSocialResponsibility,(Carroll1991),TextAStrikingtheRightBalance,Para1In1776,AdamSmithdescribedhowan“invisiblehand”guidescompaniesastheystriveforprofits,andthathandleadsthemtodecisionsthatbenefitsociety.Smithsinsightsledhimtoconcludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety.,TextAStrikingtheRightBalance,Buttheworldhaschangedsince1776.Firmstodayaremuchlarger,theyoperatedglobally,theyhavethousandsofemployees,andtheyareownedbymillionsofstockholders.Thismakeuswonderifthe“invisiblehand”stillprovidesreliableguidance.Shouldcompaniesstilltrytomaximizeprofits,orshouldtheytakebroaderviewandtakemorebalancedactionsdesignedtobenefitcustomers,employees,suppliers,andsocietyasawhole?,Para2,MostacademicstodaysubscribetothefollowingmodifiedversionofAdamSmithstheory:Afirmsprincipalgoalshouldbetomaximizethewealthofitsstockholders,whichmeansmaximizingthevalueofitsstocks.,Para2,Freeenterpriseisstillthebesteconomicsystemforthecountryasawhole.Underthefreeenterpriseframework,companiesdevelopproductsandservicesthatpeoplewantandthatbenefitsociety.However,someconstraintsareneeded-firmsshouldnotbeallowedtopollutetheairandwater,toengageinunfairemploymentpractices,ortocreatemonopoliesthatexploitconsumers.,Para3,Theseconstraintstakeanumberofdifferentforms.Throughthepoliticalprocess,societyimposesawiderangeofregulationsthataredesignedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety.Anothersetofconstraintsarethecoststhatareassessedoncompaniesiftheytakeactionsthatharmsociety.Properlyimposed,thesecostsfairlytransfervaluetosufferingpartiesandhelpcreateincentivesthathelppreventsimilareventsfromoccurringinthefuture.,Para3,Tworecentexamplesdramaticallyillustratethesepoints.First,manyWallStreetfirmsengagedinextremelyriskyactivitiesthatpushedthefinancialsystemtothebrinkofcollapsein2007and2008.Savingthefinancialsystemrequiredabailoutofbanksandotherfinancialcompanies,andthatbailoutimposedhugecostsonthetaxpayers,andalsohelpedpushtheeconomyintoadeeprecession.,Para3,Apartfromthehugecostsimposedonsociety,thefinancialfirmsalsopaidaheavyprice-anumberofleadingfinancialinstitutionssawahugedropintheirstockprice,somefailedandwentoutofbusiness,andmanyWallStreetexecutiveslosttheirjobs.Morerecently,in2010,themassiveBPoilspillintheGulfofMexicohadaterribleenvironmentalandeconomicimpactoftheGulfregion.,Para3,Inthethreemonthsfollowingtheinitialexplosion,BPsstocklosthalfofitsvalue,andnooneknewhowhighitstotalcostwouldbeandwhetherthecompanywouldsurvive.ThespillhasalsoledtheUnitedStatesandothernationstore-examinetheirpoliciesregardingdeep-waterdrilling,andthatmighthaveaseriousadverseeffectonlong-runoilsupplies.,CREDITCRISIS,background,USFederalReservelowertheinterestratestoonly%after911.Investor:lowreturnfor1%,Bank:borrowmoneyfromFedfor1%,cheapcredit(低息贷款),gocrazywithleverage,earnlotsofmoney,TheninvestorsofWallStreetalsowantstoearnmoremoney.,Leverageisborrowmoneytoamplifytheoutcomeofadeal,Leverage,$10,000,Howdidthathappen?,Housebuyers,Investors,Wallstreet,Howdiditwork?,mortgage,Badresult,sub-primemortgagecrisis,End,Para4,Still,somearguethatthecostsimposedonBPareinsufficienttocoverthedamagesthatwereincurred,andthatthetheoryofconstrainedprofitmaximizationisinadequate.Forexample,GEChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO)JeffreyImmeltbelievesthatjustobeyingthelawisnotenough,andthatcompaniesshouldstrivetobehaveethicallyandcontinuallyoperatewithsocietysinterestsinmind.,Para4,Immeltfurtherarguesthatvalueandreputationgohandinhand,andthathavingagoodreputationwithcustomers,suppliers,employeesandregulatorsisessentialifvalueistobemaximized.Inhiswords,“ThereasonpeoplecometoworkforGEisthattheywanttobepartofsomethingbiggerthanthemselves.,Para4,Theywanttoworkhard,winpromotions,andbewell-compensated,buttheyalsowanttoworkforacompanythatmakesadifference,acompanythatsdoinggreatthingsintheworlditsuptoGEbetoagoodcitizen.Notonlyisthatanicethingtodo,butitsgoodforbusinessandthusthepriceofourstock.”,Para5,GEisnotalone.Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesseetheirmissionasmorethanjustmakingmoneyfortheirshareholders.Googleswell-knowcorporatemottois“DontBeEvil.”Consistentwiththismission,thecompanyhasitsownin-housefoundationthathasmadelargeinvestmentsinawiderangeofphilanthropicventuresworldwide.Thereareotherinstanceswherecorporateleadershavedonatedpersonalfunds.,Para6,In2008,MicrosoftCorporationsBillGatesgaveaspeechtotheworldEconomicForuminwhichhemadethecasefora“creativecapitalism”.Gatesstatedthat,“suchasystemwouldhaveatwinmission:makingprofitsandalsoimprovinglivesforthosewhodontfullybenefitfrommarketforces.”,Para7,Gateshascertainlybeentruetohisword.In2000,heandhiswifeestablishedtheBillBPoilspillArgument21)behaveethically;valueandreputation2)DontbeEvil3)creativecapitalism4)contributedmorethan$6billion,Languagebuildingup,Task1-11.无形的手2.自由企业制度3.股东4.经济体制5.开发产品和服务6.市场力量7.金融机构8.严重衰退9.破产,Languagebuildingup,10.stockprice11.mission12.corporatemotto13.assets14.maximizeprofits15.financialsystem,Languagebuildingup,Task1-21.Whenpoliticiansandeconomiststalkabout【marketforce】,theymeantheeconomicfactorsthataffecttheavailabilityofgoodsandthedemandsforthem,withoutanyhelpfromorcontrolbythegovernment.2.Thedramaticchangeinbusinessenvironmentmakesallindustriesfacedrasticcompletion.Thisisalsohappenedinthe【financialinstitutions】.,Languagebuildingup,Task1-23.A【freeenterprisesystem】canbecontrastedwithasocialisteconomicsystem,whichdependsheavilyongovernmentplanningandpublicownershipofthemeansofproduction.4.TheoilpriceincreasespushedtheEuropeaneconomyinto【deeprecession】.,Languagebuildingup,Task1-25.AdamSmithsfamous【invisiblehand】theoryhasbeenmodifiedtocatertothecurrenteconomicsituation.6.Anindividualororganizationthatownsstocksinacorporationcanbecalled【stockholder】.,Languagebuildingup,Task1-27.Ineconomics,【profitmaximization】istheshort-runorlong-runprocessbywhichafirmdeterminesthepriceandoutputlevelthatreturnsthegreatestprofit.8.Asocialistmarket【economicsystem】hasnowtakenshape,andthebasicroleplayedbythemarkethasbeenimprovedinthesphereofresourceallocation.,Languagebuildingup,Task2-Signpostlanguage1.and2.Another3.also4.Notonly,but5.other,Languagebuildingup,Task3-formalEnglish1.Smithsinsightsledhimtoconcludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety.(understanding)2.MostacademicstodaysubscribetothefollowingmodifiedversionofAdamSmithstheory.(agreewith),Languagebuildingup,Task3-formalEnglish3.Throughthepoliticalprocess,societyimposesawiderangeofregulationsthataredesignedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety.(forcestobeaccepted)4.andthatmighthaveaseriousadverseeffectonlong-runoilsupplies.(bad),Languagebuildingup,Task3-formalEnglish5.Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesseetheirmissionasmorethanjustmakingmoneyfortheirshareholders.(purpose)6.Consistentwiththismission,thecompanyhasitsownin-housefoundationthathasmadelargeinvestmentsinawiderangeofphilanthropicventuresworldwide.(charitable),Languagebuildingup,Task3-formalEnglish7.Thereareotherinstanceswherecorporateleadershavedonatedpersonalfunds.(given)8.Itreceivedanotableboostin2006whenfamedinvestorWarrenBuffettannouncedthathewoulddonateahugeshareofhisfortunetotheFoundation.(famous),TextBTwoviewsofsocialresponsibility,Para1:Governmentregulationandpublicawarenessareexternalforcesthathaveincreasedthesocialresponsibilityofbusiness.Butbusinessdecisionsaremadewithinthefirmandthere,socialresponsibilitybeginswiththeattitudeofmanagement.Twocontrastingphilosophies,ormodels,definetherangeofmanagementattitudestowardsocialresponsibility,Para2,TheeconomicmodelAccordingtothetraditionalconceptofbusiness,afirmexiststoproducequalitygoodsandservices,earnareasonableprofitandprovidejobs.Inlinewiththisconcept,theeconomicmodelofsocialresponsibilityholdsthatsocietywillbenefitmorewhenbusinessisleftalonetoproduceandmarketprofitableproductsthatsocietyneeds.Theeconomicmodelhasitsoriginsinthe18thcentury,whenbusinesseswereownedprimarilybyentrepreneursorowner-managers.Competitionwasvigorousamongsmallfirms,andshort-runprofitsandsurvivalweretheprimaryconcerns.,Para3,Tothemanagerwhoadoptsthistraditionalattitude,socialresponsibilityissomeoneelsesjob.Afterall,stockholdersinvestinacorporationtoearnareturnontheirinvestment,notbecausethefirmissociallyresponsibleandthefirmislegallyobligatedtoactintheeconomicinterestofitsstockholders.Moreover,profitablefirmspayfederal,state,andlocaltaxesthatareusedtomeettheneedsofsociety.Thus,managerswhoconcentrateonprofitbelievethattheyfulfilltheirsocialresponsibilityindirectlythroughtaxespaidbytheirfirms.Asaresult,socialresponsibilitybecomestheproblemofgovernment,variousenvironmentalgroups,charitablefoundations,andsimilarorganizations.,Para4,ThesocioeconomicmodelIncontrast,somemanagersbelievetheyhavetheresponsibilitynotonlytostockholders,butalsotocustomers,employees,suppliers,andthegeneralpublic.Thisbroaderviewisreferredtoasthesocioeconomicmodelofsocialresponsibility,whichplacesemphasisnotonlyonprofitsbutalsoontheimpactofbusinessdecisionsonsociety.,Para5,Recently,increasingnumbersofmanagersandfirmshaveadoptedthesocioeconomicmodelandtheyhavedonesoforatleastthreereasons.First,businessisdominatedbythecorporateformofownershipandthecorporationisacreationofsociety.Ifacorporationdoesnotperformasagoodcitizen,societycanandwilldemandchanges.Second,manyfirmsarebeginningtotakeprideintheirsocialresponsibilityrecords,amongthemStarbucksCoffee,Hewlett-Packard,Colgate-Palmolive,andCoca-Cola.,Para5,EachofthesecompaniesisawinnerofaCorporateConscienceAwardintheareasofenvironmentalconcern,responsivenesstoemployees,equalopportunity,andcommunityinvolvement.Andofcourse,manyothercorporationsaremuchmoresociallyresponsibletodaythantheywere10yearsago.Third,manybusinesspeoplebelieveitisintheirbestinteresttotaketheinitiativeinthisarea.Thealternativemaybelegalactionbroughtagainstthefirmbysomespecialinterestgroup;insuchasituation,thefirmmaylosecontrolofitsactivities.,Para6,TheprosandconsofsocialresponsibilityBusinessowners,managers,customers,andgovernmentofficialshavedebatedtheprosandconsoftheeconomicandsocioeconomicmodelsforyears.Eachsideseemstohavefourmajorargumentstoreinforceitsviewpoint.,Para7,ArgumentsforincreasedsocialresponsibilityProponentsofthesocioeconomicmodelmaintainthatabusinessmustbemorethansimplyseekprofits.Tosupporttheirposition,theyofferthefollowingarguments:1.Becausebusinessisapartofoursociety,itcannotignoresocialissues.2.Businesshasthetechnical,financial,andmanagerialresourcesneededtotackletodayscomplexsocialissues.3.Byhelpingresolvesocialissues,businesscancreateamorestableenvironmentforlong-