土木工程专业英语第一章

土木工程专业英语EnglishforCivilEngineeringTeacher：张文刚Tel-mail：455458905,目录,Introduction,1,Unit1CivilEngineering,2,Unit2StructuralEngineering:TallBuilding,Unit5RoadEngineering,3,4,5,Unit4BridgeEngineering,Unit9ConstructionMaterials,6,Unit10Surveying,7,Unit11ConstructionEngineering,8,Introduction,1、Why？,2、How？,（1）FurtherStudy（2）Work（3）InternationalMarkets,NOWAYSBUTREADINGMORE,Unit1CivilEngineering,1、WordsandExpressions,（1）Sheltereltn居所，庇护所（2）Irrigationrenn灌溉，冲洗（3）Pyramidprmdn金字塔（4）Thinshellstructure薄壳结构（5）Geotechnical,diotknkladj土工技术的（6）Municipalmjnsp()ladj市政的（7）Coastalkstladj沿海的，海岸的（8）Biologicalba()ldk()ladj生物的（9）Thermalm()ladj热的，热量的（10）Purification,pjrfkenn净化、提纯（11）Remediationr,mide()nn补救，矫正,Unit1CivilEngineering,每节英语,Stayhungry.Stayfoolish.求知若渴；大智若愚。,Unit1CivilEngineering,1、WordsandExpressions,（12）geologydldn地质学，地质情况（13）hydraulichadrlkadj水利的（14）retainingwall挡土墙（15）spawnspnv造成，酿成（16）geoenvironmentalengineering环境岩土工程（17）flyoverflavn天桥，立交桥（18）off-shorestructure近海结构（19）conducivekndjusvadj有益的，有助于.的（20）vibrantvabrntadj有活力的，振动的（21）canalknln运河，灌溉水渠（22）masstransit公共交通，大众运输,Unit1CivilEngineering,1、WordsandExpressions,（23）queueingtheory排队论，大系统服务理论（24）pavementpevm()ntn路面（25）infrastructurenfrstrktn基础设施，（26）sidewalksadwkn人行道（27）sewersu;sjun下水道（28）conduitkndjt;kndtn沟渠，导水管（29）accesschamber通道井（30）meteorology,mitrldn气象学（31）conservationknsve()nn保存，保持（32）aquiferkwfn蓄水层（33）conveyanceknvensn运输,Unit1CivilEngineering,（33）culverts涵洞,（34）leveelev;lvin堤坝（35）staticssttksn静力学（36）dynamicsdanmksn动力学（37）jurisdiction,drsdk()nn管辖区（38）erosionr()n侵蚀，腐蚀（39）levellev()ln水准仪（40）theodolitedlatn经纬仪（41）angulardeviation角度偏差（42）computerisationkm,pju:traizeinn电子计算机化（43）totalstation全站仪（44）GPS,Unit1CivilEngineering,1、WordsandExpressions,（45）laserscanning激光扫描（46）licenselasnsn执照，许可证（47）layout安排，展示（48）tramwaytrmwen电车，电车轨道（49）logisticalldstkladj后勤的（50）shakyekadj摇晃的,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Duetothenatureofsomeloadingconditions,sub-disciplineswithinstructuralengineeringhaveemerged,includingwindengineeringandearthquakeengineering.由于荷载的一些性质，结构工程学科出现了子学科，包括风工程（风力工程）和地震工程。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Theloadscanbeselfweightofthestructures,otherdeadload,liveloads,moving(wheel)load,windload,earthquakeload,loadfromtemperaturechange,etc.荷载可以是结构自重，其他的恒载，动荷载，轮载，风荷载，地震荷载，温度荷载等。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Thestructuralengineermustdesignstructurestobesafefortheirusersandtosuccessfullyfulfillthefunctiontheyaredesignfor(tobeserviceable).结构工程师必须为他们的用户设计安全的结构，并成功地实现他们的设计初衷。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Figure1-1showsthePetronasTowersinMalaysiawhichwerethetallestbuildingsintheworldfrom1998to2004.图1-1为马来西亚双子星塔，是世界上最高的建筑(1998到2004)。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Transportationengineeringisconcernedwithmovingpeopleandgoodsefficiently,safely,andinamannerconducivetoavibrantcommunity.交通运输工程与人类出行和货物转运的高效率、安全有关，并有利于一个充满活力的社会。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Thisinvolvesspecifying,designing,constructing,andmaintainingtransportationinfrastructurewhichincludesstreets,canals,highways,railsystems,airports,ports,andmasstransit.这涉及到规划（详细的、明确的、指定性的），设计，建设，维护交通基础设施，包括道路，公路，运河，铁路，机场，港口，和公共交通。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Itincludesareassuchastransportationdesign,transportationplanning,trafficengineering,someaspectsofurbanengineering,queueingtheory,pavementengineering,intelligenttransportationsystem,andinfrastructuremanagement.它包括诸如交通设计，交通规划，交通工程，城市建设工程的某些方面，大交通系统服务理论，路面工程，智能交通系统，和基础设施管理。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Figure1-2showsSutongBridgeinChina,whichwasthecable-stayedbridgewiththelongestmainspanintheworldasof2010.图1-2中国苏通大桥，这是世界上斜拉桥主跨度（1088m，最大斜拉桥主跨是俄罗斯的跨东博斯鲁斯海峡的俄罗斯岛大桥，其主跨1104米）最长的大桥。,Unit1CivilEngineering,每节英语,Dontcrybecauseitisover.Smilebecauseithappened.不要因为结束而哭泣。微笑吧，因为你曾拥有。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Geotechnicalengineeringisanareaofcivilengineeringconcernedwiththerockandsoilthatcivilengineeringsystemsaresupportedby.岩土工程是土木工程中与岩土有关的支撑土木工程系统的学科领域,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Knowledgefromthefieldsofgeology,materialscienceandtesting,mechanics,andhydraulicsareappliedbygeotechnicalengineerstosafelyandeconomicallydesignfoundations,retainingwalls,andsimilarstructures.地质学、材料科学和测试，力学，水力学等方面的知识被应用于岩土工程中来设计安全、经济的基础、挡土墙、和类似的结构。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Figure1-3showsthedeepexcavationofPinganInternationalFinanceCentre(IFC)inShenzhen,China.图1-3所示中国深圳平安国际金融中心（IFC）的深基坑。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Withcomputerization,electronicdistancemeasurement(EDM),totalstations,GPSsurveyingandlasterscanninghavesupplemented(andtoalargeextentsupplanted)thetraditionalopticalinstruments.伴随着计算机程序化，电子测距（EDM），全站仪，GPS测量和激光扫描补充（并在很大程度上）取代了传统的光学仪器。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Sothebehaviourofthestructuredependsonthebehaviourofthebasicelements,i.e.onthevariouscharacteristicsandpropertiesoftheconstructionmaterials.所以结构物的特性取决于基本要素的特性，即建筑材料中的各种特征和性质。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Suchpropertiesmaybeclassifiedintovariouscategoriesasfollows:physicalproperties,mechanicalproperties,chemicalproperties,electricalproperties,magneticproperties,opticalpropertiesandthermalproperties.这种特性可分为不同的类别：物理性能，力学性能，化学性能，电气性能，磁性能，光学性能和热力性能。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Fromconstructionalaspects,thephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesarepredominant.Hence,itisessentialforacivilengineertohaveknowledgeonthevariousphysicalandmechanicalpropertiesofconstructionmaterials.从建筑方面（结构、构造上）来说，主要是物理和力学性能。因此，一名土木工程师拥有施工材料的各种物理力学性能的知识是必不可少的。,Unit1CivilEngineering,每节英语,Whodarestoallthatmaybecomeaman,anddaresnomore,heisamanindeed.（Shakespeare）能屈能伸，方为大丈夫。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,SurveyingistheprocessbywhichasurveyormeasurescertaindimensionsthatgenerallyoccuronthesurfaceoftheEarth.测量是测量员对地球地貌进行确切尺寸测量（度量）的过程。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Surveyingequipment,suchaslevelsandtheodolites,areusedforaccuratemeasurementofangulardeviation,horizontal,verticalandslopedistances.如水准仪和经纬仪等测量设备，用于精确测量角度偏差、水平（位置）、垂直（距离）和斜距。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Withcomputerization,electronicdistancemeasurement(EDM),totalstations,GPSsurveyingandlasterscanninghavesupplemented(andtoalargeextentsupplanted)thetraditionalopticalinstruments.伴随着计算机程序化，电子测距（EDM），全站仪，GPS测量和激光扫描补充（并在很大程度上）取代了传统的光学仪器。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,ThisinformationiscrucialtoconvertthedataintoagraphicalrepresentationoftheEarthssurface,intheformofamap.此信息对数据转换成地图的形式来表示地貌是至关重要的。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Thisinformationisthenusedbycivilengineers，contractorsandevenrealtorstodesignfrom，builton，andtrade，respectively.然后，此信息分别被土木工程师，承建商和开发商利用来设计，建造，和交易。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Elementsofabuildingorstructuremustbecorrectlysizedandpositionedinrelationtoeachotherandtositeboundariesandadjacentstructures.一个建筑或结构的组成部分必须是尺寸合适、彼此之间位置设置合理，并与临近建筑物设置界线。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Althoughsurveyingisadistinctprofessionwithseparatequalificationsandlicensingarrangements，civilengineersaretrainedinthebasicsofsurveyingandmapping.虽然测量学是一个拥有独立资格许可证的专业，但是土木工程一般也会在测绘、地理信息系统方面进行一些基础的训练。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Surveyorsmayalsolayouttheroutesofrailways,tramwaytracks,highways,roads,pipelinesandstreetsaswellaspositionotherinfrastructures,suchasharbors,beforeconstruction.测量员也给出了（展示）了铁路，电车，高速公路，公路、道路，管线和街道的路径以及其他基础设施如施工前的码头的位置。,Unit1CivilEngineering,2、SentenceTranslation,Constructionengineeringinvolvesplanningandexecutionofthedesignsfromtransportation,sitedevelopment,hydraulic,environmental,structuralandgeotechnicalengineers.施工涉及规划以及工程师对交通、建设场地位置设置、水利、环境、结构和岩土等设计的执行。,Unit1CivilEngineer