文化与翻译PPT课件

.,1,Translationthetermhasnoimplicationsofhighdevelopment.,.,6,Languageisnotisolated.,Everylanguagebelongstoacertainculture.Itisdifficulttoseparatelanguageandculturalidentity.Howdifferentpeoplesexpresswhattheyseeisdeterminedbyhowtheyperceiveandinterpretandreacttoreality.,.,7,LiHongzhang,oneofthetopofficialsintheQingDynasty,wasinvitedtovisittheU.S.Hewaswarmlywelcomed.Oneday,LiwashostingabanquetfortheAmericanofficialsinapopularrestaurant.Asthebanquetstarted,accordingtotheChinesecustom,Listoodupandsaid,“今天承蒙各位光临，不胜荣幸。我们略备粗馔，聊表寸心，没有什么可口的东西，不成敬意，请大家多多包涵”,.,8,(今天承蒙各位光临，不胜荣幸。我们略备粗馔，聊表寸心，没有什么可口的东西，不成敬意，请大家多多包涵)Iamveryhappytohaveallofyouheretoday.Thoughthesedishesarecoarseandnotdeliciousandgoodenoughtoshowmyrespectforyou,Ihopeyouwillenjoythem”,.,9,Thenextday,theEnglishversionofhiswordswasshowninthelocalnewspaper.Tohisshock,therestaurantownerflewintoarage.HethoughtitwasaninsultandinsistedthatLishouldshowhimtheevidenceofwhichdishwasnotwell-madeandwhichdishwasnotdelicious.Otherwise,Liintentionallydamagedthereputationoftherestaurant,andheshouldapologize.AllthefussmadeLiratherembarrassed.,.,10,Comment,WhatLisaidisjustsomeformulaicpoliteexpressioncommonintype.AlmostallChinesepeopleknowthisandcouldhearthatnearlyeverywhere.Literally,Liswordsareinappropriate,buttheydoconveythemeaningofrespect.Herethelanguageformisdifferentfromitscontent,aphenomenonwhichcanonlybefoundineasternculture.,.,11,Americaisacountrywithhighlyvaluedindividualism.Theyexpressthemselvesratherdirectly.Theytendtohearwordsliterally,thereforetheycannotunderstandeasternersover-modesty.Thereactionoftherestaurantisnothingunusual.Limaychangehiswordslikethis:“Thecuisineofyourcountryisreallygreat.Itismygreathonortohaveachancetoentertainyouwiththem”(贵国的菜肴真是好极了，今天能有机会借花献佛，不胜荣幸之至),.,12,Trytotranslatethefollowingidioms:,Loveme,lovemydog.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.Gildthelily,.,13,Loveme,lovemydog.,爱屋及乌。Ifyoulovesomeone,youmustaccepteverythingaboutthem,eventheirfaultsorweakness.,.,14,Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.,一丘之貉。birdsofafeather:peopleofsimilarinterestsorpersonalities兴趣爱好相同的人同类人物以类聚，人以群分。inacontextdenotingbadpersons一路货，臭味相投者,.,15,Gildthelily,画蛇添足。peopleintheWest:natureitselfisbeauty.gild:todosth.artificialnotbeautiful“addunnecessarydecorationorexaggeration”多此一举，弄巧成拙,.,16,Shakespeare:KingJohn,“Togildrefinedgold,topaintthelilyiswastefulandridiculousexcess.”,.,17,InChina,whenpeoplemeet,甲：“吃了吗？”乙：“吃啦！”,吃了吗？,吃啦！,.,18,Inwesterncountries,A:“Lovelyweather,isntit?”B:“Yes,isntit?”,.,19,Termsrelatingto“吃”：,饭桶吃不开吃不了兜着走吃不消,good-for-nothingbeunpopularlandoneselfinserioustroublebeunabletostand,.,20,Termsrelatingto“吃”：,吃老本吃软不吃硬吃闲饭吃香,liveoffonespastgainsbeopentopersuasion,butnottocoercionleadanidlelifebeverypopular,.,21,WuSongkilledatigerinhisdrunkencourage,武行者心中要吃，哪里听他分说，一片声喝道，放屁！放屁！,.,22,PearlS.Buck,NowWuthepriestlongedmuchinhishearttoeat,andsohowcouldhebewillingtolistentotheexplanation?Hebellowedforth,“Passyourwind,passyourwind!”,.,23,WhatdoyouthinkofWuSongsimperativeremark?,汉语“放屁”作骂人话时，喻指“说话没有根据或不合情理”，而英语passoneswind只是一种自然生理现象。,.,24,在译序中，赛氏解释了她将书名水浒传译为AllMenAreBrothers的原因：当然，英文的书译名并非原著本来的名字，因为原名根本无法翻译：“水”等于英文的“水”（water），“浒”意为“水边”（marginsorborders），“传”则相当于英文的“小说”（novel）；至少在我个人看来，将这几个字排列在一起几乎毫无意义，也不能准确反映原书的意旨。于是，我自作主张，选取了孔子的一句名言作为书名（即“四海之内，皆兄弟也”），该名无论在内涵还是外延上均体现了这些绿林好汉的侠义精神。,.,25,TranslationandCulture,CulturalConnotationImplicationofAnimalTermsImplicationofColorTermsTrademarksandAdvertisements,.,26,CulturalConnotation,ImplicationofAnimalTermsImplicationofColorTerms,.,27,ImplicationofAnimalTerms,Talkingaboutculturalconnotations,onewillfirstthinkofimagesrepresentedbyanimals,.,28,ImplicationofAnimalTerms,英汉动物喻体相同、喻义相似英汉动物喻体相异、喻义相似英汉动物喻体相同、喻义相异英语动物词汇的象征意义,.,29,英汉动物喻体相同、喻义相似,SometimesChineseandEnglishshareconnotativemeanings:“狐狸”and“fox”CUNNING“猴子”and“monkey”MISCHIEF“狼”and“wolf”SAVAGENESS,.,30,WOLF,TheGospelofMatthew7:15,NewTestament“Awolfinsheepsclothing”披着羊皮的狼表面温顺友善，实则凶残的伪君子,.,31,WOLF：凶猛、狡诈、贪婪,Thelifeofthewolfisthedeathofthelamb.狼的生就是羔羊的死。Wakenotasleepingwolf.莫惹是生非Seeawolf吓得张口结舌，说不出话来Toleadawolfintothehouse引狼入室,.,32,WOLF：心肠狠毒、忘恩负义,WOLF:贪得无厌greedyasawolf,.,33,FOX：诡诈、狡猾,Heisasslyasafox.Youvegottowatchhim.他狡猾如狐狸，你可要小心点。Youcanneverfoxme.你绝对骗不了我。,.,34,SERPENT/SNAKE,asnakeinthegrass潜伏的危险，暗藏的敌人asnakeinonesbosom(胸怀，内心）恩将仇报的人，背信弃义的人serpenteye如蛇般阴险的眼光,.,35,PIG：肮脏、贪婪、懒惰,Hedbeenapigaboutmoney.他对钱贪得无厌。Makeapigofoneself大吃大喝，狼吞虎咽Pigsinclover行为卑鄙或粗鲁的有钱人,.,36,OtherExamples:,Hedoesnthaveanideaofhisown.Hejustparrotswhatotherssay.他没有自己的观点，只是鹦鹉学舌罢了。Asslowasasnail/atasnailspace像蜗牛一样缓慢Alionathome,amouseabroad.在家如狮，在外如鼠。Aratcrossingthestreetischasedbyall.老鼠过街，人人喊打。,.,37,英汉动物喻体相异、喻义相同英国著名诗人雪莱(Shelley)在一首诗中号召被压迫者像狮子醒来：“Riselikelionsafterslumber”在学术界有权威的人被称为aliterarylion，有如汉语“泰斗，执牛耳”。,.,38,汉语言中用“虎”比喻勇猛、威武，例如“虎将”、“虎劲”、“虎威”。老虎不仅具备西方狮子的正面形象，还有“凶狠、残忍”的反面形象，如孔子的“苛政猛于虎”。Beardthelioninhisden虎口拔牙Anassinlionsskin狐假虎威英语民族也常用“狮子”来形容处于主宰地位的人。Jackwasmarriedandhadalionessathome.母老虎,.,39,勤劳，吃苦耐劳,汉文化：牛（俯首甘为孺子牛，老黄牛）英语文化：马(worklikeahorse任劳任怨)asstrongasahorse健壮horsepower力大,awillinghorse,.,40,羊,英国牧羊业发达ToseparatesheepfromgoatsSheep:能力强，成绩突出者Goats:能力弱，业绩平平者Blacksheep(Thereisaineveryflock.)害群之马长黑毛的绵羊比较少，魔鬼的标志,.,41,试译：,牛饮Drinklikeafish对牛弹琴Castpearlsbeforeswine落汤鸡Adrownedrat狐假虎威DonkeyinalionshideAnassinlionsskin,.,42,蠢得像头猪Asstupidasagoose如鱼得水Likeaducktowater养虎遗患Cherishasnakeinonesbosom狗改不了吃屎。Youcannotmakeacrabwalkstraight.,.,43,AlthoughsometimesChineseandEnglishshareconnotativemeanings,inmanycasesthesameanimalimagemaystandfordifferentconnotations.Themostconspicuousexampleis狗and“dog”.,英汉动物喻体相同、喻义相异,.,44,InChinesemostphrasesandidiomswith狗containderogatorysenses:走狗，癞皮狗，狗仗人势，狼心狗肺，狗胆包天InEnglish“dog”isthoughttobethemostfaithfulfriendofhumanbeings,mostphrasesandidiomscontainingtheword“dog”haveneutralorcommendatoryimplications:topdog,luckydog,cleverdog,EverydoghasitsdayChinaDaily“ChinasWatchdogFindsFakeInvestors”,.,45,龙and“Dragon”,汉文化：“龙的传人”descendentsofthedragon,“真龙天子”truesonsofthedragonfromheaven中国成语大辞典lists115entrieswiththecharacter龙,mostofwhichareofcommendatorysense.,.,46,InmanyWesternfolktalesthedragonisaterribleviciousbeastwhichspitsfire.“chasethedragon”:tosmokeheroinespeciallywhenitisheatedonapieceofaluminumfoilandthefumesareinhaledthroughatube.服用鸦片（毒品）,.,47,英国古诗Beowulf歌颂与凶残暴虐的恶龙搏斗而取胜的英雄史诗。Shakespeare,RomeoandJuliet当Juliet听到表哥被Romeo杀死时，悲叹到：Oserpentheart,hidwithafloweringface!Dideverdragonkeepsofairacave?Beautifultyrant!Fiendangelical!啊，花一样的面庞里藏着蛇的心！哪一条龙曾经栖息在这清雅的洞府里？美丽的暴君！天使般的恶魔！,.,48,Adragonlady以统治者身份行使权力的女人TheDragon/TheGreatDragon/TheOldDragon指与上帝作对的魔鬼撒旦亚洲四小龙：thefourtigersinAsiaTodistinguishitfromtraditionalWestern“dragon”,somepeoplenowusetheterm“Chinesedragon”.,.,49,蝙蝠andBat,汉文化：“蝠”与“福”同音，象征吉祥、健康、幸福。西方：丑陋邪恶的动物，与罪恶或黑暗势力相联系，特别是vampirebat（吸血蝙蝠）。Asblindasabat有眼无珠Crazyasbat精神失常；发痴Havebatsinthebelfry异想天开,.,50,孔雀andPeacock,汉文化：孔雀开屏美“孔雀舞”西方：虚荣、自傲Asproudasapeacock骄傲自满Apeacockinhispride炫耀一时的人Playthepeacock妄自尊大Heattemptedtopeacockhiswaythroughtheworld.他想名扬世界。,.,51,猫头鹰andOwl,汉文化：不祥之物“夜猫子进宅，凶事自来”西方：智慧、博学的象征aswiseasanowl“Awiseoldowllivedinanoak.Themorehesaw,thelesshespoke.Thelesshespoke,themoreheheard.Whycantweallbelikethatwiseoldbird?”英国民间童谣,.,52,ImplicationofColorTerms,Weliveinacolorfulworld,andwordsdenotingcolorsforpartofthenuclearvocabularyofalmosteverylanguage.,.,53,However,inEnglishitisusuallyconsideredthereareelevenbasiccolors,namelywhite,black,grey,brown,red,green,yellow,blue,purple,orange,pink.,.,54,Differentlanguagesmayhavedifferentnumberofcolorterms.,.,55,BasicColors,InChinese赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫，thesevencolorsintherainbow,arethoughttobethebasiccolors.,.,56,TheChinese绿、青、蓝arethreecolors,buttheircorrespondingwordsinEnglishareonlytwo:“green”and“blue”.So青canonlybetranslatedasgreenorblue.,.,57,青菜：greenvegetables青椒：greenpepper青山：greenmountain青天（蓝天）：bluesky青canalsorefertoblack.青布：blackcloth青衫：blackgown青丝：blackhair,.,58,青出于蓝而胜于蓝。,Bluecomesfromtheindigoplantbutisbluerthantheplantitself.Indigo:acolorbetweenblueandviolet靛青，靛蓝abluedyeobtainedfromplantsormadesynthetically,.,59,ColortermsareveryimportantinbothEnglishandChineseliterature.Manybooktitlescontaincolorterms.,.,60,GreenHillsofAfrica(ErnestHemingway)TheScarletletter(NathanielHawthorne)WhiteFang(JackLondon),.,61,颜色词属于文化限定词，具有强烈的民族文化特征，每个民族都有自己的颜色观。在不同的民族文化中，同一种颜色表达不同的文化心理，引起不同的联想，具有不同的文化内涵。,.,62,Red红色,红and“red”havequitedifferentconnotationsinChineseandEnglishasisdeterminedbythetwodifferentculturesbehindthetwolanguages.,.,63,红standsforjubilationinChinesesointhepastthebrideusuallyworereddresses(manystilldothesametoday).Oneoftheextendedmeaningsof红standsforwealthandnobility.朱门and红楼bothrefertodwellingsoftheupperclass.,.,64,ThoughmanypeopleinBritainarefondofred,itsassociationisverydifferentintheEnglishmind.DavidHawkes红楼梦TheStoryoftheStone贾宝玉“怡红公子”GreenBoy怡红院theHouseofGreenDelight悼红轩NostalgiaStudio,.,65,Red红色,英语民族：流血、牺牲、殉难。redhands（沾满血的手），redbattle（血战）,.,66,对red的恐惧感可在圣经中找到答案。根据圣经福音书的记载，耶稣在受难前与十二门徒共进“最后的晚餐”。进餐时，耶稣拿起杯来说“你们都喝这个，这是我立约的血，为多人流出来，使罪得赦”。之后，耶稣甘愿被钉在十字架上，流血牺牲，用自己的生命作赎价以救赎世人。,.,67,英语中大写Red意指“左翼政治主张”、“共产主义者”。Red-hunter迫害共产主义者或进步分子的人Getred“赤化”red也成为“政治上激进”的代名词,.,68,red在经济贸易词汇里象征“赤字、亏损、负债”。,redletter经济活动中支出多于收入的差额数字inthered/redink亏损getintored出现赤字、发生亏损getoutofthered不再亏损,.,69,英语中red也有其正面的联想意义和语义。,red-letterdays（纪念日、喜庆的日子）在西方一般指圣诞节或其他的节日，因为这些日子在日历上是用红色标明的。rollouttheredcarpetforsb.铺展红地毯隆重地欢迎某人美国白宫内有间RedRoom，常用来举行小型招待会。,.,70,Green绿色,Asacolorlikedbymostpeople,“green”isoftenusedtorefertoplants:greenbelt绿化带，防护林greenfingers园艺技能greenwinter:awinterwithoutsnowingasthetreesandgrassremaingreen.greenrevolution:agriculturalrevolution“greenlungsofthecity”-parksgreenfood绿色食品,.,71,Doyouseegreeninmyeye?,lackofexperiencegreenhand,greenhorn新手你看我是好欺骗的吗？=DoyouthinkIhavenoexperiencesoyoucandeceiveme?,.,72,Greenalsomeans“fullofvigororvitality”.,Hergrandchildrenwishedheragreenoldage.他的孙儿们祝福她健康长寿。Thoughinthegreen,hemaynotbeequaltothetask.尽管他年富力强，不见得能胜任这项任务。,.,73,“HowoldwasIwhenyoufirsttookmeinaboat?”“Five,andyouwerenearlykilledwhenIbroughtthefishintoogreenandnearlytoretheboattopieces.”“你头一次带我上船时我多大？”“五岁。当我把那条活蹦乱跳的大鱼弄上船的时候，你差点儿送了命，那家伙差点儿把小船撞得七零八碎。”,.,74,归化读者意译优点：通俗易通、语言地道缺点：丧失部分原文风貌特色异化作者/原文直译（+解释或注释）优点：保持原文风貌特色、传播外国文化知识缺点：增加了理解困难、文字繁复影响审美选择标准：翻译的“目的”例如：广告-正面宣传-使潜在顾客易于理解接受该产品-归化某些小说-欣赏故事情节和文字、保持流畅阅读-归化某些小说-传播他国文化知识-异化,.,75,AdvertisementsTrademarks,TrademarksandAdvertisements,.,76,Advertisements,Theglobalizationmakesthetranslationofadvertisementsveryimportant.Uniquelinguisticcharacteristics