生物专业英语期末打印版

CapGillHomozygous（纯合的）：A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for particular characteristic.Heterozygous (杂合的):A diploid organism that has two different alletic forms of a particular gene.Phenotype（表型）：The physical, chemical, and psychological expression of genes possessed by an organism.Genotype（基因型）：The catalog of genes of an organism, whether or not these genes are expressed. Allele（等位基因）：Alternative forms of a gene for a particular characteristic (e.g., attached earlobe genes and free earlobe genes are alternative alleles for ear shape).Monohybrid Crosses(单因子杂种)：a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles. Dihybrid crosses(双因子杂种，双因子杂合子):A cross between individuals that differ with respect to two specified gene pairs.Law of independent assortment(独立分配定律，自由组合定律):Members of one gene pair will separate from each other independently of the members of other gene pairs.Semiconservative replication(半保留复制):The method of replication of DNA in which the molecule divides longitudinally, each half being conserved and acting as a template for the formation of a new strand. Lagging strand(后随链): is synthesized in short stretches known as Okazaki fragments.DNA polymerase( DNA 聚合酶):An enzyme that brings new DNA triphosphate nucleotides into position for bonding on another DNA molecule.Age structure(年龄结构):Of a population, the number of individuals in each of several or many age categories.Density-dependent factors(密度依赖因子，密度制约因子):population-limiting factors that become more effective as the size of the population increases.1.As mitosis proceeds, the spindle microtubules play a crucial role in ensuring that both paired and separated chromatids move in the right directions at the proper times.Each half of the spindle forms as microtubules extend from each pole of a dividing cell to the region of the metaphase plate.During prophase, other microtubules, the centromeric fibers, extend outward from the spindle poles to structures on the chromosomes called kinetochores.During anaphase the fibers begin to shorten, and the chromatids begin to move apart. 在有丝分裂过程中，是纺锤体微管确保了染色单体在适当时间以正确方向进行分离。纺锤体微管由两极向赤道板延伸。在分裂前期，其它微管，着丝粒纤维延伸到染色体的动粒。在分裂后期，纤维开始变短，染色单体分离。2.All photosynthetic organisms contain various classes of chlorophylls and one or more carotenoid (accessory) pigments that also contribute to photosynthesis.Groups of pigment molecules called antenna complexes are present on thylakoids.Light striking any one of the pigment molecules is funneled to a special chlorophyll a molecule, termed a reaction-center chlorophyll, which directly participates in photosynthesis.Most photosynthetic organisms possess two types of reaction-center chlorophylls, P680 and P700, each associated with an electron acceptor molecule and an electron donor.These aggregations are known respectively as photosystem (P700) and photosystem (P680). 所有的光合作用生物含有不同等级的叶绿素和一个或多个类胡萝卜素（光合作用的辅助色素）。称作天线复合体的色素分子群存在于类囊体中。激活色素分子的光能进入叶绿素反应中心，其直接参与光合作用。大部分光反应细胞器拥有两套反应中心，P680和P700，每个光系统都含有一个电子受体和电子供体。这些集合体就是大家熟识的光合系统和光合系统。3.The normal cell cycle consists of four phases.The first three include G1, the period of normal metabolism; S phase, during which normal synthesis of biological molecules continues, DNA is replicated, and histones are synthesized; and G2, a brief period of metabolism and additional growth.Together the G1, S, and G2 phases are called interphase.The fourth phase of the cell cycle is M phase, the period of mitosis, during which the replicated chromosomes condense and move and the cell divides. 正常细胞循环由4个时期组成。头三期包括G1,正常新陈代谢；S期,正常新陈代谢同时，DNA复制，组蛋白合成； G2 期，短期的新陈代谢和少许生长。G1, S, 和G2称分裂间期。最后是M期，有丝分裂期，复制的染色体组浓缩，移动并细胞分裂。4.The results of Mendels experiments on dominant and recessive inheritance let to Mendels first law: the law of segregation.This law states that for a given trait an organism inherits one allele from each parent. Together these alleles form the allele pair. When gametes are formed during meiosis, the two alleles become separated (halving of chromosome number).To gain evidence for his theory Mendel performed test crosses, mating plants of unknown genotype to plants that were homozygous recessive for the trait of interest. The ratio of dominant phenotypes (if any) in the progeny makes clear whether the unknown genotype is heterozygous, homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive. 分离定律，生物只遗传父母本等位基因对的一个等位基因。减数分裂期形成配子时两个等位基因分离。为验证此理论，他做了测交实验，即基因型未知的植物与纯合的隐性基因植物杂交。子代显性表型可以明确测得杂合基因或纯合基因的基因型。5.Besides environmental carrying capacity, a populations age structure and reproductive strategy also affect the rate at which the population grows.Age structure reflects the relative numbers of young, middle-aged, and older individuals in a give population.In a population having many members at or nearing reproductive age, significant growth may occur.Age structure may also be represented by a survivorship curve. 除环境容纳量外，群体的年龄结构和繁殖方式也影响群体增长率。年龄结构反映中青老的比例关系。若生育年龄的比例大，则显著增长。存活曲线也可以反映年龄结构。6.The higher fungi include the class Ascomycetes, the largest class of fungi. Most ascomycetes are either saprobes or parasites. Asexual reproduction produces spores called conidia, which develop on the tips of specialized aerial hyphae. In the ascomycete sexual cycle, hyphae of different mating strains fuse, giving rise to ascospores that form in a small, saclike ascus. Groups of asci form fruiting bodies.纲。高等真菌包括子囊菌，最大的真菌类群。大多数子囊菌要么是腐生菌，要么是寄生菌。无性繁殖产生的孢子称分生孢子子实体，其依赖特化的气生菌丝尖。在子囊菌性循环过程中，不同的菌丝通过株融合进行匹配，产生的子囊菌存在于小类子囊中。子囊群形成果实体。7.Most members of the class Basidiomycetesthe second group of higher fungi form visible fruiting bodies. A prime characteristic distinguishing basidiomycetes from ascomycetes is the dense mass of dikaryotic hyphae called the basidiocarp-the mushroom seen on damp lawns and the forest floor. Club-shaped basidia, each bearing four haploid basidiospores, line the surfaces of the gills on the underside of the mushroom cap. 担子菌第二大类高级真菌，大多数担子菌能形成可见的果实体。担子菌与子囊菌相比，最基本不同是它具备浓密的双核菌丝，称担子果。棒形担子，每个都含有4个单倍体的担子孢子，线形地排列在蘑菇帽下的菌褶表面。8.The size of a population is measured in terms of its density.Whether population density is high or low, the distribution of individuals within the population is usually uneven.Common distribution patterns include clumped, uniform, and random.Negative consequences are often attached to high (or rising) population density.These density-dependent factors include increased predation, parasitism, disease, and intraspecific and interspecific competition. 群体的规模也可以用密度来衡量。不论群体密度高与低，群体中个体的分布是不均一的。通常的分布模式包括群体的，均匀的，随机的。较高的（或增长的）种群密度通常会造成负面影响。密度依赖因子包括增加了的捕食，寄生，疾病，种内竞争和种间竞争。补充：1.soil structure results from the long-term interaction of climate,organisms,topography and mineral material.由气候，生物药，地形和矿物原料的长期相互作用产生了土壤结构。2.the geographic distribution of terrestrial biomes corresponds closely to variation in climate,especially main temperature and precipitation.陆地生态区的地理分布和气候的变化紧密对应，尤其是主要的湿度和降雨。3.macroclimate interacts with the local landscape to produce microclimatic variation in temperature.宏观气候和本地景观相互作用产生了温度上的微观气候的变化。4.most species perform best in a fairly narrow range of temperatures.大部分物种只有在相当窄的程度范围内才生活的最好。5.many organisme survive extreme temperatures by entering a resting stage.许多生物进入休眠状态来度过极端温度。6.the hydrologic cycle exchanges water among reservoirs.水循环是蓄水池之间的水的交换。选择题 1.The notion that each part of the body of an organism produces a “seed” that then travels to the reproductive organs is called *pangenesis*.2.The germ plasm theory of heredity,which emphasized the role of parental germ cells in determining traits in offspring, was linked to a widespread belief in *blending*.3.When true breeding plants are self-fertilized,they*produce offspring that are identical to the parent*.4.Mendels experiments with peas had unique and important features,including the fact that*all of the above*.5.A plant that in heterozygous for a particular trait*carries different alleles for that trait*.6.In modern terms Mendels first law states that*during meiosis alleles of a gene segregate out at random*.7.Hereditary factors determining green seed color and yellow seed color are examples of*different alleles of the same gene*.8.If P represents a dominant allele and p a recessive allele for the same trait,a homozygous recessive individual will have the following genotype:*pp*.9.According to Mendels laws,in a cross involving an individual that is homozygous dominant for a trait and an individual that is homozygous recessive for the same trait,*the recessive trait will not be present in the F1 phenotypes*.10.Mendels law of independent assortment states that*alleles of different genes segregate at random and fertilization is random*.11.In a cross between a homozygous plant bearing round yellow seeds and a homozygous plant bearing wrinkled green seeds,all the offspring had round yellow seeds.If R represents the round allele and Y the yellow allele ,the F1 genotype was*RrYy*.12.The punnett squares was used by Mendel to *predict the probabilities of different allele combinations*.13.A dihybrid cross is a mating between two arganisms*when both are heterozygous for two traits*.14.For some specific traits the phenotypes of offspring are intermediate between those of the parents traits. This is a case of*incomplete dominance*.15.Sutton and Boveri proposed that Mendels hereditary factors were located on chromosome,in a theory kown as*chromosomal thery of inheritance*.16.Sex chromosomes were first discovered in*fruit flies*.17.Sex-linked traits are *traits carried on sex chromosomes*.18.Nondisjunction describes *the failure of homologous chromosomes to segregate during mitosis or meiosis*.19.In fruit flies the following genotypes will produce a female*XY*.20.A gamete showing a new association of alleles that differs from the parental associationa is known as*a recombinant type*.1.The role that genes play in general cellular metabolism was determined by*Garrod*.2.Electrophoresis *separates molecules on the basis of their electric charge*.3.Using the technique of electrophoresis to study sickle cell anemia,Pauling concluded that*the sickle cell gene chemically alters the hemoglobin protein*. 4.Feulgen stain turns nuclei acids*deep red*.5.Research by Pauling led to the modification of the one-gene-one enzyme hypothesis to the currently accepted* one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis*.6.In the early 1900s the discovery that the nucleus contains nucleic acid and proteins led many scientists to believe that* genes are made of protein *. 7.Disease-causing strains of microorganisms are*virulent*.8.In Griffiths experiments with pneumococci the difference between the S and R strains was that*a polysaccharide capsule was present on the S strain*.9.Experiment