《语法与词汇备考策》PPT课件

语法与词汇备考策略,代词名词数词,1在使用两个以上的人称代词时顺序是:第二人称第三人称第一人称,2everyone后面不可以跟of短语everyone就可以,3以名词/动名词+介词（短语）/形容词/副词/动词不定式构成的复合名词，它的复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复数直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数以man或者woman+名词构成的复合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部分全变成复数以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式如：homework,4物质名词一般不可数，但用于表示各种不同品种时几乎都可做可数名词如：differentteas,5当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示某一种或某一方面的抽象概念时其前可加a/an,名词所有格要点：必须用s的场合,1s属格用于表示时间，度量衡，价值的名词之后2作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加s3人或物为两人共有，在第二个名词后加s4当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物如商店，住家，教堂，医院等，此名词常省略,5复合名词在最后一个词后加s6当被修饰的名词后有同位语时，必须用s7当用来表示类别或属性时，要用schildrensshoes儿童鞋,必须用of的场合,1名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时2以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时,如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基数词以表示确切数目时，都不能用复数形式如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时，须用复数，而且后面加of,表示顺序的两种方式：,1名词+基数词，不用冠词，如Chapterfour2the+序数词+名词如theFourthChapter,倍数增减的表示法,1倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than2倍数+as+形容词/副词+as3倍数+名词4动词+百分比或倍数5动词+to+数词6double/triple/quadruple+名词7动词+by+数词/百分比/倍数,分数分子为基数词，分母为序数词分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数,百分比后接名词时加of,形容词副词,1前置修饰语的排列顺序可以置于冠词前的形容词（allbothsuch)-冠词，指示形容词，所有格形容词，不定形容词（aanthethisyourhisanysome)-基数词（one)序数词（first)-表示性质，状态，质量的形容词（gooduseful)-表示大小，长短，形状的形容词-表示年龄，新旧，温度的形容词-表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍，产地，区域的形容词-表示材料，用做形容词的名词-动名词，分词,2后置修饰语由前缀a-构成的形容词,3形容词修饰由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时，必须后置,4enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后，但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时，必须后置,5有些形容词本身就有比.年长，比.优等的意思这些形容词后面用介词to而不用than,6muchtoo作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词，不修饰名词,7more不能用来修饰比较级,8与名词连用的moreofa./asmuchofa./moreofa.意为更像.,9asmuchofa.意为称得上，lessofa意为算不上,10noneotherthan(不是别人，正是）=nootherthan,11any/some/every与other连用时，其后若用可数名词，一般为单数,情态动词,1can用于否定句cannot(help)but表示不能不，只能（but后跟不带to的动词不定式）2must表示禁止，一定不要时的否定式为mustnt当它表示有把握的推断时意为一定准是时它的否定形式为cant3needdoing=needtobedone这个句型表示被动意味4neednothavedonesth表示本来没有必要做某事（经常考）,虚拟语气,Itis(high/about/the)time.谓语动词用过去式指现在或将来的情况表示早该做某事而现在已经有点晚了Itisthefirst(second/third)time后的that从句中，谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验,asif/though的虚拟要点,对当时事实的假设，从句谓语用过去式，be动词一律用were对过去事实的假设，从句谓语用过去完成式对未来事实的假设，从句谓语用would+动词原型,非谓语动词的其他考点,接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法meantodo想要(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)forgettodo忘记(要做的事)remembertodo记得(要做某事)forgetdoing忘记(已做的事)rememberdoing记得(已做过的事)goontodo继而(做另一件事)stoptodo停下来去做另一件事goondoing继续(做原来的事)stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾regretdoing(对已做过的事)后悔,不定式的习惯用法,句型：cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。,动名词的习惯用法,bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.Itsnogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.,therebe非谓语动词的用法,(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语),(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe，做其他状语用therebeing。如：Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(fortheretobe在句中做目的状语)Itisntcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJimscaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe在句中做程度状语)Therebeingnofurtherquestions,wellstopheretoday.(therebeing做原因状语),(3)引导主语用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用therebeing。如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.,(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用therebeing。如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.,.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式,含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesntknowwhatshappened;otherwisehewouldnthavemadesuchastupidremark.,(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.,(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.,(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidnt.,常用虚拟形式的句型,(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsupposehadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposingIfonlyItis(high)timethat(从句中动词只用过去式)如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidnttalkaboutthematteranymore.Idratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcantbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.,(2)Ifitwerenotfor(与现在事实相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor(与过去事实相反)相当于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.,(3)Ifonly谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.,(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.,(5)whetheror有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.,几个情态动词常考的句型,(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，与hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.,(2)cannot/canttoo“越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannotover。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.,(3)usednt或didntuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。,(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididntexpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.,有关比较级的特殊句型,(1)notsomuchas与其说不如说Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisntsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.,(2)no/notanymorethan两者一样都不Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.,(3)no/notanylessthan两者一样都Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.,(4)justasso.正如，也(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.,倒装,下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stillless,以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.,以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint，manyatime。如：Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.,以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out,down,in,up,away,on。如：Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.(2)出于习惯用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.,让步从句的倒装,(1)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.,(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他,comewhatmay中。如：Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledgebeitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.Comewhatmay,Illbeonyourside.,比较从句的倒装,as,than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。如：Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.,as与which用作关系代词的区别,(1)as与thesame,such,so,as等关联使用。如：Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.,(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.,常见的这类结构有：,ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。,but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于whonot,thatnot这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如：Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.,复合句名词性从句,1.what/whatever的用法what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistodaynextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语),2.whoever和whomever的区别whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在从句中做主语),有关同位语从句的问题,引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.,whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别,(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用，而ifornot则不能，ornot只能放在句末；,(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导；(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。,让步状语从句的常考知识点,(1)as引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.,(2)while引导让步从句。如:Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldntcheatunderanycircumstances.,(3)复合连接词forallthat和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldntbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.,时间状语从句的常考知识点,(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须才能”。如:Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.,(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.,(3)whenitcomesto是习惯用法，意为“当谈到时”。如：Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.,(4)名词短语、介词短语each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起连词作用。如:Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”MercurysvelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarthsthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.,(5)副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句,相当于assoonas。如:Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.,原因状语从句的常考知识点,(1)inthat引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.,(2)nowthat表示“既然”;seeingthat,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.Seeingthatsheislawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idontthinkyoucanstopher.,其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。,while,whereas引导对比从句,如:WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.,sothat,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引导结果状语从句如:Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.,inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句如:Givemeyourtelephonenumber,incaseIneedyourhelp.HelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.,where作为连接副词的一种用法,翻译为“在地方”如:InJapan,apersonscapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.,与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：,(1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况),(2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.,(3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.,动名词做介词短语时下列短语中的to是介词,objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,preferto,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto,下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome,可以接不定式或动名词做宾语，但在意思上有区别的动词,meantodo想要(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)forgettodo忘记(要做某事)forgetdoing忘记(已做的某事)goontodo继而(做另一件事)goondoing继续(做原来的事),proposetodo打算(做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)remembertodo记得(要做某事)rememberdoing记得(已做过的事)stoptodo停