《英语语法》PPT课件

英语语法,李书东,Unit1一般现在时,一、一般现在时的用法1.表示经常发生的动作，存在的状态或日常习惯。常与everyday,often,always.Sometimes等连用。IgotoBritianeveryyear.Iamateacher.2.表示主语的性格，能力特征,ThestudentsoftheuniversitieslikeEnglishverymuch.Mydaughtersingsverywell.Mybrotherworksveryhard3.表示客观事时或普遍真理ThesunrisesintheeastTwoandtwoisfour,第三人称单数的构成,1.一般在词尾加s.Work-workslive-livesplay-plays2.以sh.ch.s.o.结尾加-esWash-washesteach-teachesdress-dresses3.以辐音自母加y结尾,变y为i加-es.Study-studiesfly-fliestry-tries,一般现在时否定式,1.在be动词后加notArenot=arentisnot=isnt2.主语+dont+动词原形。主语+doesnt+动词原形Billlikesparties.BilldoesntlikepartiesWestudyEnglishhardWedontstudyEnglishhard.,一般现在时疑问式,1.将be动词提到句首。HeisateacherTheyarestudentsIsheteacher?Aretheystudents?2.在句首加Does或DoTheystudyEnglish.-DotheystudyEnglish?HelivesinAustralia.DoesheliveinAustralia?。,Unit2特殊疑问句,以what.who.whom.whose.which.whenwhere.why.how引导。除who外，一般加一般疑问句式.Whendoeshegotobed?Wheredoesshecomefrom?WhydoyoustudyEnglish?Howmanypeoplearethereinyoufamily,名词性物主代词,第一人称：mineours第二人称：yours第三人称：his,hers,its,theirs.P15exercises2.Thisispen.Thatis,too.3.3.Thisscarf.Thatistoo.4.Thisisnewspaper.Thatis,too.,5.Thesearechildren.Thoseare,too.6.Thesearestudents.Thoseare.,感叹句,.How+形容词主谓结构（可省）。Howbeautifultheflowersare.What+名词单数。Whatawonderfuldayitis.What+名词复数Whatlovelychildren.Whatexcitingnews.,Unit3名词,一.规则变化1.在名词后+sbook-booksstudent-students2.以sh,ch,s,x结尾+esclass-classesinch-inchesbrush-brushes3.辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+es.factory-factoriesfamily-familiesuniversity-universities,部分以o结尾词+es.Hero-heroespotatopotatoestomato-tomatoesradioradiosphotophotospianopianos4.部分以f结尾，变f为v+eslifelivesknifeknivesleaf-leaves*roofroofshandkerchief-handkerchiefs,二。不规则变化manmenwomanwomen,mousemicefootfeettoothteethchildchildrendeerdeersheepsheep,Unit4不定代词,1.some:用在肯定句中，修饰可数名词和不可数名词。Thereissomecoffee.2.any:用于疑问句和否定句。Isthereanymilkinthebottle?Ihaventgotanybrothers.3.no:作定语，修饰可数不可数。Thereisnosugarinthebox.,Some也用在下面疑问句中,1.Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?2.Willyoulendmesomebooks?二、可数名词与不可数名词。1.个体名词：man,teacher,student2.集体名词：class,team,army.*以上两种名词属于可数名词。3.物质名词：milkcottonair4.抽象名词：lovehappinesslife,Unit5现在进行时,1.用法：表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。TheyarewatchingTVinthelivingroom.Heislisteningtotheradio.IamreadingEnglish.,2.构成,主语+be+现在分词现在分词的构成：1）、在动词原形后+ing.watch-watchingtalk-talkingGo-goingtell-telling2).重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这一字母+ing,Win-winningsit-sittingswim-swimmingbegin-beginning3)以不发音e结尾，去e+ing.give=-givingmove-movingHave-havingtake-taking,现在进行时与一般现在时的区别,一般现在时表示经常发生的动作，而现在进行时表示在此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。TheyalwaysgooutonSundays,butthisSundaytheyarestayingathome.有些动词是不能用于现在进行时的：seehear,like,love.Prefer,hatewantneedmeanforgetknowseembelieve,tobegoingto+动词原形表示主观打算、看法或即将要发生的动作。Iamgoingtomakedinner.Thefootballmatchisgoingtostartateight.Itisgoingtorain.,2.现在进行时表将来，常用动词有：goleavecomestartdovisitHeisnotcoming.WhenareyougoingbacktoyoufactoryMaryisleavingforParis.WeareinvitingTomtoaparty.,4.一般现在时表将来：表示已经安、排计划、或规定好的动作。Thetrainleavesatfiveo,clock.TheboysstartschoolonMonday.Whendoesthedelegationcomehere/Ourflightleavesateleventhirty.,以上三种表示将来的用法比较Iamgoingtoleavenextweek.（带有主观意向）Iamleavingnextweek.（已决定这样做并已安排。）Ileavenextweek.（根据日程表的安排）,Unit6一般将来时,.用法：表示纯属客观将来2.构成：will(shall)+动词原形Youwillbefortyyearsoldnextyear.TomorrowwillbeSunday.注意；shallIWillyou表示征求对方意见Shallwehaveadrink?Willyoupassmethecup?,Unit7一般过去时,一、用法：表示过去某一时刻发生的动作二、构成：主语+动词过去式三、过去式的构成（一）规则动词1.在动词后+edwork-workedhelphelpedstay-stayedcall-called,2.辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+edstudy-studiedtry-tried3.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这一辅音字母+edplan-plannedadmit-admitted4.以不发音e结尾，+darrive-arrivedlive-lived,倒装句,So+be/do/will/did+主语SheisFrench,andsoamI.Theywerelate,andsowerewe.HewenttoIndialastyear,andsodidshe.Wewillhaveatwo-weekholiday,sowill,Unit8.形容词比较级,一、用法：两者之间进行比较二、构成：规则变化（一）单音节和部分双音节词1，+ertall-tallergreat-greaterlong-longer2.以e结尾只+rFine-finerlate-laterbrave-braver,.重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再+er.big-biggerhot-hotterthin-thinner4.辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+erHappy-happierbusy-busierlucky-luckier,（二）、多音节和多数双音节词，在词前+more.famous-morefamousInteresting-moreinterestingdifficult-moredifficultexpensive-moreexpensive,三、不规则变化goodbetterbadworselittlelessmanymoreoldolderfarfarther-elder-further注意:older的意思是较老的,说明人的年纪或事物年代的久远.,elder的意思是较年长的.Thatismyelderbrother.HeistwoyearsolderthanI.Farther:较远的Further:进一步的TomjumpsfartherthanI.Haveyouanyfurthernewsfromthemeeting?,比较级的一些其他用法,1,The+比较级.the+比较级表示越来越.Themore,thebetter.Thefasterwego,thesoonerwearrive2.比较级+and+比较级表示越来越Thebusranfasterandfaster.Theboyisgrowingtallerandtaller.,比较级的修饰语:muchalotfaralittleabit.SheisabittallerthanI.TomdidthejobfarbetterthanMary.Thecropsaregrowingfarbetterthanlastyear.,Unit9形容词最高级的构成,与比较级是相似的tall-tallestbrave-bravestbig-biggestclever-cleveresthappy-happiestfamous-mostfamousinteresting-mostinteresting,最高级的不规则变化good-bestbad-worstLittle-lestmanymuch-mostLate-latest,最高级的其它用法,1.作表语时可以不加theCottonshirtsaregenerallycheapest.Thelightbythewindowisbest.2.amost表示非常常.Itsamostdifficultquestion.Wespentasmosthappyevening.,unit10现在完成时的构成。,主语+have(has)+过去分词过去分词的构成：1.规则动词（1）。在动词后+edworkworkedlooklooked(2).以e结尾直接+darrivearrivedlivelived辐音字母+y结尾，变y为i+ed,现在完成时与一般过去时区别,一般过去时强调动作本身，包括时间地点。IsawMaryanhourago.Shelostherhandbagyesterday现在完成时强调动作的结果或对现在产生的影响。IhavebeentotheGreatwall.Ihaveseenthefilm.Hehaslostherhey.Hehasgoneout.,Unit11被动语态,一、定义：主语是谓语动词的承受者Thegateislockedat6:00everynight.TheEnglishtestismarkedbyMr.West.二、构成：be+过去分词1，一般现在时：am,isare+过去分词2，一般过去时:was,were+过去分词3，现在进行时:am,isare+being+过去分词,4,现在完成时：have,has+been+过去分词5，过去完成时:had+been+过去分词6.一般将来时：will,shall+be+过去分词7，情态动词:情态动词+be+过去分词,三、用法1.当不知道或不必提动作的执行者时。ThecarsaremadeinJapan.2.Footballisplayedallovertheworld.PrintingwasintroducedintoEurope,2.当强调动作的承受者时Thousandsofriversarepollutedinthecountry.BillClintonwaselectedPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericain1993.,四、带有行为主体的被动结构（by+行为主体）Thevillagewasdestroyedbyabomb.Theprintingisveryvaluable.ItwaspaintedbyVanGogh.,Exercise:Changethefollowingsentencesintothepassive.1.Thestudentshaveinvitedustoadance.Wehavebeeninvitedtoadance.2.Afiremightkilltheanimals.Theanimalsmightbekilledbyafire.,3.Thehotelisrebuildingtherestaurant.Therestaurantisbeingrebuilt.4.Thepolicebroughtthechildhome.Thechildwasbroughthome.5.Hiswifecallshimdarling.Heiscalleddarling.,五、被动语态的补充用法。It+被动语态+that.常用于该结构的动词有：Saythinkbelieveagreefeelknowreportprovesuggest.Itissaidthathecanspeaktheirlanguage.Itisreportedthatheisstillalive.Itisthoughtthataboutamilliondogsareborneachyear.,Unit12将来进行时,1、用法：表示将来某时正在进行的动作。2、构成：willshall+be+V-ingWhenyouarriveattheairport,aguidewillbewaitingforyou.Hewillbewearingadarkgreenshirt.,将来完成时,1，用法：表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。常与by+时间名词连用.2.构成：willshall+have+过去分词Iwillhaveretiredbytheyear2019.WeshallhavefinishedtheworkbeforenextFriday.Youwillhavechangedyoumindbytomorrow.,Unit13过去进行时,一、构成：waswere+过去分词1.Hewasntthinkingaboutwhatwashappening.2.Whilewewerehavingbreakfast,Johnwastalkingonthephone.二、用法：1.表示过去某一时间进行的动作。Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayat7p.m?,Itwasrainingalltheafternoon.2.表示一个动作发生时另一个动作正在进行。WhenIcamein,hewaswatchingTV.,Unit14:过去将来时,1.Wasweregoingto+动词原形Itlookedlikethatthewasgoingtostay.TheyweregoingtoleaveforBritain.2.waswereaboutto+动词原形IwasabouttoleaveforavisittoJapan.Hewasabouttoquithisjob.,3.wasweredueto+动词原形TheBA561wasduetoarrive.4.过去进行时表将来Iwasmeetingmysisteratthestation.5.waswereto+动词原形Hewastowritehisbestworksthere.,Unit15如何将直接引语变成间接引语,直接引语：直接引用别人所说的话。Hesaid:”IlikeEnglishverymuch”间接引语：间接转述别人所说的话。HesaidhelikedEnglishverymuch.如何将直接引语变成间接引语？1.时态的变化,现在变成过去一般现在变成一般过去.Hesaid:”Iamtired”Hesaidhewastired.现在进行变成过去进行.Shetoldme,Wearemeetinghimatthepub.”Shetoldmetheyweremeetinghimatthepub.,现在完成变成过去完成Shesaid;”Ihavewaitedforages.”Shesaidshehadwaitedforages.过去时变成过去完成或不变。Shesaid:”Itookithomewithme.Shesaidshehadtakenithomewithhim,Theteachersaid;”ColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.TheteachersaidColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.将来时边成过去将来时Hesaid“IwillbeinParisonMonday.”HesaidhewouldbeinParisonMonday,2.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化P623.直接引语为祁使句，变为间接引语时常用：askedsb.todosth.toldsb.todosth.orderedsb.todosth.Remembertoturnthelights.,shesaid.Shetoldmetoturnoffthelights.,4.直接引语为一般疑问句式+if/whether.将一般疑问句式变为正语序。Isitraining?”Heaskedifitwasraining.5.直接引语为特殊疑问句式，将特殊疑问句式变为正语序。Whydoyoucomesolate?HeaskedmewhyIcamesolate.,Exercise:Changethefollowingintoindirectspeech.1.Whattimedoesthematchstart?2.Whereareyougoingtospendyourholiday?3.Whoisgoingtobuyyourbike?4.Areyouthirty?5.Willyoubecomingtotheparty,6.Remembertoswitchoffallthelights.7.Iwilldoittomorrow.8.Ihavegotmanyfriends.9.Mysoncanswimverywell.10.Ihavebeenwaitingforages.,Unit16:动词不定式,动词不定式有两种形式：带to不定式不带to不定式Hedecidednottodoit.Letsnotdecidenow.一.动词不定式时态与语态,主动语态被动语态一般式:tomaketobemade进行式:tobemaking完成式:tohavemadehavebeenmadeIamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Noharmseemstohavebeenmade.Thisisadaynevertobeforgotten.,不定式的用法,1、不定式作目的状语Thecatsanddogssleeptogethertokeepwarm.HewenttoFrancetostudyFrench.2.不定式作结果状语Hearrivedatthecinemaonlytofindthathehadseenthefilmbefore.,Hewastooexcitedtosleep.3.不定式作宾语Iaskedtoseethemanager.Hewantstobeleftalone.4.不定式作宾语补足语Thedoctoradvisedhimtotakeagoodrest.Iheardhimsinginthenextroom.,Wefeltthehouseshake.IwillhaveyouknowthatIamaqualifiedengineer.注意不带的to不定式feelsb.dosthseesb.dosthhearsb.dosthmakesb.dosthletsb.dosthhavesb.dosth,5.疑问词+不定式Whentostarthasntbeendecided.Idontknowwhat/which/whotochoose.Iwonderedhow/when/wheretogetintouchwithhim.Thedifficultyiswhattocallourdog.,6.不定式作表语Yourmistakewastowritetheletter.Thishouseistolet.AllIdidwastopressthebutton,Unit17.名词性从句,名词性从句即指：主语从句，宾语从句表语从句。名词性从句引导词有两类：从属连词thatwhetherif疑问词who,whose,what,which,when,where,why,how,Itistruethatsheisanactress.(主语从句)IknowthatPhillipsisagoodmake.(宾语从句)Myideaisthatweshouldstickourplan.(表语从句)WhatIdreallylikeisaremotecontrol.(主语从句),主语从句,Thatshehasachievedsuchfamesurprisedher.(主语从句)Whathedidisnotyetknown.(主语从句)Howshewrotethatbookisastoryinitself.(主语从句)Itissaidthathesgotmarried.(主语从句,宾语从句,Ibelievethatyoucangetagoodqualitystereo(宾语从句)Haveyouconsideredwhetherhehassignedthecontract.(宾语从句)Doyouhaveanyideaofwhatyouarelookingfor?.(宾语从句),表语从句,Thefactisthatwearebehindschedule.(表语从句)Thequestioniswhetherhassignedthecontract.(表语从句)Whatworriesmemostisthatmywifeisstillinhospital.(表语从句),Unit18状语从句,1、方式状语从句：常由连词：asifasasthoughinawayintheway引导。ThisfishisntcookedasIlikeit.Sheactsasif/asthoughsheownstheplace.Lillianwastremblingasif/asthoughhehadseenaghost.,2.让步状语从句:常由连词：althoughthoughevenifeventhoughnotthat引导Althoughyoufeelveryillrightnow,Thisisacommondisease.ThoughhehaslivedforyearsinLondon,hewritesinGerman.Eventhoughthedrugsaregood,itisdifficulttocureitwithdrugsalone,3.结果状语从句：常由连词sothatsuchthat引导.Mr.Joneswassofrightenedabouthavinganoperationthatshecried.Heissuchamarvellousjokerthatyoucanthelplaughing.,4.目的状语从句：常由连词sothatinorderthat引导.Shipscarrylifeboatssothatthecrewcanescapeiftheshipsinks.Wecarvedtheirnamesonthestonesothat/inorderthatfuturegenerationsmightknowwhattheyhaddone.,IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytoyou.Iftherewerenoair,theskywouldbeblack.IfIwereyou,Iwouldplantsometreesroundthehouse.Ifwedidntgototheirpartynextweek,theywouldbeveryangry.,Unit19虚拟语气,一、虚拟语气在英语中，说话人的意图不同，动词需用不同的形式；称之为语气。虚拟语气是这些语气中一种，用以表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。1.带if的虚拟条件句(1).当假设与现在的事实相反时，其结构是：If+过去式主语+would+动词原形,翻译下列句子,1.如果我英语讲的好，我就会去合资企业工作IfmyEnglishweregood,Iwouldgoandworkinanjointventure.2。你处在我的地位上，你会怎么办?Whatwouldyoudoifyouwereinmyplace.,3.要是不再下雨，我们就去跳舞了。Ifitwerenotraining,wewouldgodancing.4。要不是正忙着打扫屋子，我会去陪你听音乐的。IfIwerenotbusycleaningthehouse,Iwouldgoandlistentothemusicwithyou.,（2）当假设与过去的事实相反时，其结构是：if+主语+had+过去分词.,主语+wouldhave+过去分词.IfIhadknownthatyouwereill,Iwouldhavegonetoseeyou.IfIhadgonetothemeetinglastnight,Iwouldhaveseenher.,（3）非真实条件句主句与从句有时不一致，这叫错综条件。Ifyouhadstudiedhard,youwouldtakeiteasynow.Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavourable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.,Wish常用虚拟语气,2。省略if虚拟条件句(1)在虚拟条件句中，如含有were,had,should,可把这些词放到主语前面省略if。Wereyounothere,noneofuswouldcome.Shouldshecomehere,wewoulddiscusthematterwithher.Hadwehadenoughmoney,wewouldhaveboughtit.,3.虚拟条件句的其他表示法1)。不用ifWithoutsolarradiation,animalsandplantswoulddie.Butforyourhelp,Iwouldhavebeendrowned.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldnthaveachievedsomuch.,2)Wish+动词过去式，表示与现在事实相反IwishIhadacar.IwishIweretallerthanyou.wish+woulddo表示与将来事实相反Theweatherisawfultoday,Iwishitwouldbewarmertomorrow.wishhaddone表示与过去事实相反IwishIhadntspentsomuchmoney.,3).在表示建议、命令、有求、愿望等动词后面的主语从句、宾语从句中谓语一般用should+动词原形，should可省略。要求这类从句常见的动词有：demand,desire,insist,order,recommend,require,suggest.,Thedoctorsuggestthathehavearest.Itissuggestedthattreesbeplantedaroundthehouse.Itisdesiredthatyoufinishthetestontime.Thegovernmentdemandsthatthepollutionprobleminthecitybesolvedwithinsixmonths.,4)在itisnecessary,important,impossible,natural,strange后面的主语从句、宾语从句中，谓语一般用should+动词原形，should可省略Itisabsolutelynecessarythatoneobeythelaw.Itisimportantthattheexperimentresultsbechecked.Itisnaturalthatachildloveitsmother.,在asif,asthough引出的与事实不符的方式壮语从句中，从句中的谓语用过去时表示对现在情况的推测，用过去完成时表示对过去情况的推测。TheforeignexpertsspeaksChineseasifhewereaChinese.Shetoldthestoryasifithappenedtoher.,5)在Itisabout(high)time+从句中表示早该做而未做的事，从句谓语形式用过去式。Itishightimethatwebegantostudy.ItisabouttimeIweregoing.,Unit20动名词,动名词动名词是非谓语动词的一种。动名词可以在句子中作：主语、宾语、表语、定语等。动名词可以有时态：一般式和完成式。动名词有语态：一般式的被动语态和完成式的被动态,1.动名词作主语Swimminghasitslaw.Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.动名作主语时有时使用形式主语itItsnogoodlearningwithoutpractice.Itsworthwhilediscussingthequestions,2.动名词作表语.Ourdutyismakinginstruments.Myfavouritesummersportisswimming.3.动名词作宾语.Theybeganstudyingcomputerlastweek.Haveyoufinishedrepairingthetaperecorder?Theygotexcitedonhearingthegoodnews.,有些动词常要求动名词来作宾语，这些动词有：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,canthelp,mind,enjoy,require,delay,practice,consider,excuse,escape,miss,fancy,deny,及短语动词等。有些动词后两者都可跟，但是意思有差别。这些动词如下：remember,forget,regret,try,stop,want等。,remembertodosth:记住去做某事Pleaseremembertoposttheletterforme.rememberdoingsth记得做过某事Irememberedpostingtheleter.,regrettodosth遗憾地做某事Weregrettoinformyouthatyouwontbeabletoattendtheclass.regretdoingsth.后悔做某事Iregrettedhavingdonesuchathing.,stoptodosth停下来去做某事Letsstoptochatawhile.stopdoingsth停止做某事Stopsmoking,please.,trytodosth努力去做某事Iwillworkhardandtrrtoimprove.trydoingsth试着做某事Letstrydoingtheworkthisway.,在英语中有些动词后要求跟不定式作宾语，这些动词主要有：want,wish,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,promise,mean,pretend,intend,decide,attempt,learn,desire,agree,choose,determine,expect等。,动名词作定语Thesepassagemaybeusedaslisteningmaterials.Ihaveahearingaid.Thereadingroomofthelibraryisalargesquarehall.,动名词有语态：一般式的被动语态和完成式的被动态Thematterisfarfrombeingsolved.Beforebeingusedtherecordershouldbetested.Afterhavingbeentreatedthewatercanbeusedforraisingfish.,动名词的逻辑主语Pleaseexcusemyinterruptingyou.WeallthoughtXiaoWangsgivinguphisjobagreatmistake.,用所给动词正确形式填空1._(read)Japaneseiseasierthanspeakingit.2.Itisnouse_(ask)himaboutit.3.Itsnogood_(try)tolearnEnglishby_(read)only.4.Ittooklongerthansheexpected_(get)apassport.,5.Itwasdifficultforthem_(understand)ourpolicy.6.Afterwehadfinished_(eat),heproposed_(setoff).7.Inherleisurehourssheenjoyed_(read)novelsor_(go)tothepark.,8.Henevermissed_(attend)eveningschool.9.Shecouldnthelp_(smile)atthewords.10.Soonafterwardshegaveup_(teach)andjoinedthearmy.11.Icantunderstandhis_(leave)sosuddenly.,Unit21分词,分词：一、分词分为现在分词和过去分词，其区别是：1。现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示已经完成。boilingwater开着的水boiledwater开过的水developingcountry发展中国家developedcountry发达国家,2，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。theexploitingpeople剥削人的人theexploitedpeople被剥削的人二、句法作用1。做表语Theyareinterestedinmusic.Thenewsisexciting.,2.做定语Thestoresellsusedbooksonly.Thefloatingneedleofacompassalwayspointsnorthandsouth.3.做状语Workingintheplant,welearntalotfromtheworkers.,Givenbetterinstructions,thewatermelonscouldhavegrownbigger.Notknowingheraddress,Icantvisitherpersonally.Whenheated,icewillbechangedintowater.Isatbythewindow,watchingTVandreadingbooks.,4.做补足语，常见的动词有find,gethavehearkeepmakeletseenoticeimagineA.做宾语补足语：Wesawhimgoingaway.Allofusheardsomebodysinginginthenextroom.Wekeptthemwaitingforalongtime.,B.做主语补足语：Hewasseengoingaway.Somebodywasheardsinginginthenextroom.注意分词完成时态：HavingtaughtEnglishfortenyears,sheknowsthegrammarverywell.Havingbeengivenawrongnumber,wecouldntcontacthimoverphone.,5.分词做独立主格：分词或分词短语带有自己的动作主体。Timepermitting,theywillstarttodoanewjob.Theexperimentfinished,weleftthelabandwenthome.,分词与不定式在句法案上的区别：1）作定语时的区别：主动态分词作定语表示与谓语动作同时发生；而主动态的不定式表示在谓语动作之后发生。例如：Thisisafactoryproducingcomputers.Afactorytoproducecomputersisbeingbuilt.,被动态的分词表示的动作在谓语动作之前完成；而被动态的不定式表示在谓语动作之后发生。例如：Itisoneoftheproblemssolvedatthemeeting.Therearemanyproblemstobesolved,作补足语时的区别：分词和不定式作补足语都表示与谓语录同时发生，但分词强调“动作进行过程”；不定式强调“动作发生的事实”。试比较：,现在分词不定式Isawherdoingtheexperiment.Isawherdotheexperiment.我看见她在做实验。我看见她在做实验。Shewasseendoingexperiment.Shewasseentodoexperiment.人们看见她在做实验。人们看见她在做实验。,过去分词则表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。例如：Wefoundtheworkcompletelydone.我们发现工作全做好了。Theworkwasfoundcompletelydone.发现工作已完全做好了。,Unit22定语从句。,定语从句。一个用来修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。例如：Themanwhotoldyouthenewsisafriendofmine.定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词来引导的。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,which,that.关系副词有：when,where,why等。,1.who代替人，在从句中做主语。Doyouknowthemanwhowrotethearticle?Whatwasthenameofthemanwhodancedwithyoulastnight?2.whom代替人，在从句中做宾语Thisistheboywhomwewerelookingfor.3.whose代替人，在从句中做定语,Whatisthenameofthestudentwhosefatherworksinourlab?Thebuildingwhoseroofwecanseefromhereisourdepartment.4.which代替物，在从句中做主语或宾语Thatwasafaultwhichcouldbeforgiven.Iwillusethereferencebookwhichyouborrowedfromlibrary。,5.that代替人或物，在从句中做主语或宾语Whoisthemanthatislecturingintheclassroom.Whoisthemanthattalkedwithyou?,6.when表示时间，在从句中做状语。Wedontknowtheexacttimewhenweneededhelp.Thedaywillcomewhenwewillwinthefinalvictory.7.where.表示地点，在从句中做状语Thehousewhereweusedtolivehasbeenpulleddown.,8.why表示原因，在从句中做状语Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewassohappy?定语从句when,where相当于“介词+whichThisistheroominwhichchairmanMaolived.IwillneverforgetthedayonwhichIbecameaPartymember.,注意：1，动词+关系代词引出的定语从句Themantowhomyouaretalkingtoisthemanagerofthecompany.Theworldinwhichweliveismadeofmatter.Thefamousprofessorofwhomwenaveoftenheardwillcometoouruniversity.,2.名词+介词+关系代词引出的定语从句Therearenineplanetsinthesolarsystem,someofwhicharemuchlargerthanourearth.Therearesomenewtermsin