《英语议论文写作》PPT课件

,议论文,Contents,Whatisargumentationandpersuasion何为论证与说服Strategiesforusingargumentationandpersuasion使用论证与说服的策略,WhatArgumentationIs所谓论证就是Itisalogicalwayofessaydevelopmentbywhichthewritertriestoconvincereadersorotherpeopleofthesoundnessofaparticularopiniononacontroversialissue.Ittriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.,Speechesonpolicies,editorialsofnewspapers,articlesonpoliticalortheoreticalquestions,andvariousproposalsareoftenargumentative.有关政策的演讲，报纸的编辑，政论或者理论问题的文章，及各种建议通常是要进行议论的。,Argumentation,Thepurposeofargumentation议论的目的Persuadereasonablepeopletoagreewiththeopinion说服理性的人们同意（作者的）观点Defendanopinion,toestablishitsvalidityevenifotherscannotbepersuadedtoagree守护一个观点，即使其他人不能被说服同意的时候也能建立该观点的效力Attacksomeopinionyoubelievetobemisguided,untrue,orevil,withoutnecessarilyofferinganalternativeofyourown攻击你确信是误导的，不真实的或者邪恶的某一观点，这时没有必要提供你自己的替代观点（论证他错就OK至于正确的是什么样子可以不管）,Agoodargumentation好的议论,Adebatablepoint有争论的点Sufficientevidence充足的论据Goodlogic良好的逻辑Anhonestandfriendlyattitude诚实友好的态度,Adebatablepoint,Merestatementsoffacts仅仅评论事实Statementsofpersonalpreference个人经历的评论Viewpointsthataregenerallyacceptedorcanbeeasilyverified观点可以大提升被接受或者容易阐述,Organizingyourargument组织你的议论文,Title题目Introduction导论Thesisstatement理论阐述BodyParagraphs正文段落ConstructingTopicSentences构造主题句BuildingMainPoints构建主要论点CounteringtheOpposition反对相反的的观点Conclusion结论,Title-whydoyouneedone?题目你为什么需要题目呢？,Introducesthetopicofdiscussiontotheaudience向读者介绍讨论的主题Generatesreaderinterestintheargument激发读者对论文的兴趣,Whatisathesisstatement?什么是论点阐述？,TheMOSTIMPORTANTSENTENCEinyourpaper你文章中最重要的那句话Letsthereaderknowthemainideaofthepaper使读者了解文章的主旨Answersthequestion:“WhatamItryingtoprove?”回答这个问题：我要试图证明什么？Notafactualstatement,butaclaimthathastobeproventhroughoutthepaper不是事实阐述，而是通篇要证明的结论,Roleofthethesisstatement论点阐述的角色,Thethesisstatementshouldguideyourreaderthroughyourargument.论点句应该通过议论来引导读者Thethesisstatementisgenerallylocatedintheintroductionofthepaper.论点句通常在文章的引言部分Athesisstatementmayalsobelocatedwithinthebodyofthepaperorintheconclusion,dependinguponthepurposeorargumentofthepaper.也可以唯一正文或者结论当中，这取决于文章议论的目的,StrategiesforArgumentation议论的策略,Consideringtheaudience考虑受众Thinkinglogically逻辑思考,ConsiderYouraudience,Asupportiveaudience支持你的受众Youdontneedahighlyreasonedargumentfilledwithfacts,examples,andstatistics.Youcanrelyprimarilyonastrongemotionalappeal-toreinforcereaderscommitmenttoyourviewpoint.你不必以满是事实、事例、统计资料的高度理性的论证。你可以注意靠强烈的情绪呼吁来强化读者对你观点的认同（如果呼吁力强就直接忽悠就成了）,Audience,Awaveringaudience摇摆不决的听众Trytocreatecredibilityandreliabilitybyfocusingonprovidingunified,coherent,accurateandsufficientfacts,statistics,examplesandauthoritativestatementstosupportyourviewpoint.通过聚焦于已有的统一的一致的精确的充足的事实，统计，事例和权威性表述来试图建立信任和可靠度来支撑你的观点Ahostileaudience敌意的听众Trytorelyonlogicalreasoningandhard-to-disputefacts.尽力依靠逻辑推理和无可争辩的事实,ThinkLogically,InductionReasoningfromtheparticulartogeneral从特殊到一般的推理（归纳）Example例子-1stgrape:sour,2ndgrape:sour3rdgrape:sour.葡萄酸-Conclusion:Therestofthegrapeswereprobablysourtoo.结论：其余的葡萄可能也是酸的,ThinkLogically,Deduction演绎Reasoningfromthegeneraltoparticular(syllogism)从一般到特殊Example:例如：-Majorpremise:Nodogshavefeathers-Minorpremise:Snowballisadog-Conclusion:Snowballdoesnothavefeathers.大前提：狗都没有羽毛；小前提：雪球是条狗；结论：雪球没有羽毛,LogicalFallacies逻辑谬误,Hastygeneralization草率的泛化（轻率的得出一般结论）Falseanalogy错误的类推Personalattack人身攻击Questionableorfaultyauthority可疑或者错误的印证Circularreasoning循环推理Slantedlanguage带偏见的语言Faultycauseandeffect错误的因果关系Evadingtheissue回避问题,Modelessay范文,Opinionsummarization观点摘要ArecentstudyshowsthatpeoplelivingonthecontinentofNorthAmericasuffer9timesmorechronicfatigueand31timesmorechronicdepressionthandopeoplelivingonthecontinentofAsia.Interestingly,Asians,onaverage,eat20gramsofsoyperday,whereasNorthAmericanseatvirtuallynone.Itturnsoutthatsoycontainsphytochemicalscalledisoflavones,whichhavebeenfoundtopossessdisease-preventingproperties.Thus,NorthAmericansshouldconsidereatingsoyonaregularbasisasawayofpreventingfatigueanddepression.最近的研究表明生活在北美大陆的人们比亚洲大陆的人们多出9倍的长期疲劳和31倍多的慢性抑郁。有意思的是，亚洲人，平均每天吃20克大豆，而北美人几乎不吃。已经证明大豆含有叫做异黄酮的化学物质，发现其具有防止疾病的特性。因此，北美人应该考虑经常性的食用大豆作为预防长期疲劳和慢性抑郁的一种方式,Modelessay,Self-refutedopinionpresentation自我反驳的观点表达Inthisargument,thearguercitesastudyshowingthatNorthAmericanssufferfromanamazinglyhigherrateofchronicfatigueandchronicdepressionthanpeoplelivinginAsia.Fromanunknownsource,thearguerstatesthatAsianseatmuchmoresoythanNorthAmericans,whoeatalmostnone,andthatsoycontainsdisease-preventingproperties.ThearguerthenconcludeshisorherargumentbystatingthatNorthAmericansshouldconsiderregularlyeatingsoyasameansofbattlingfatigueanddepression.Thisargumentsuffersfromatleastfourcriticalfallacies.本文中，作者引用了一项研究表明北美人患上慢性抑郁和慢性疲劳的比例比亚洲人出奇的高。从一个位置的源头，作者表达了亚洲人大豆比北美人吃得多（根据何在呢？没有），北美人几乎不吃，而大豆具有防病属性。作者然后得出了他的结论就是北美人应该经常吃大豆。该文章至少有四处严重谬误。,Modelessay,Counterevidence:hypothesis反对论据：假设Forthesakeofthisargument,wewillassumethatthestudiesandthestatisticsaboutNorthAmericansandAsianssoyeatinghabitsarecorrect,andthatisoflavoneshavebeenfoundtohavedisease-fightingproperties.Giventhat,thereisstillaproblemwiththearguerdirectlycorrelatingtheeatingofsoywiththepreventionofdiseaseanddepression.针对这一论述，我们假定关于北美和亚洲大豆饮食习惯的研究与统计数据是正确的，而且异黄酮也确实有抗病功效。即便如此，作者将大豆的抗病功能与抗抑郁的功能直接联系到一起仍然是有问题的。,Modelessay,Evidence1论据1Firstofall,simplybecausesoymayhavedisease-preventingproperties,thatdoesnotmeanthatitcanthereforefightchronicfatigueandchronicdepression.Fatigueanddepressionmaynotactuallyevenbeconsideredasdiseases,thereforeevengiventhefactthatsoyhasdisease-fightingproperties,itwouldhavenoeffectonthenondiseasesoffatigueanddepression.Secondly,evenassumingthatfatigueanddepressionarediseases,theyarenotspecificallymentionedasdiseasesthatsoyorisoflavonesareabletoprevent.Perhapssoycanhelppreventosteoporosis(boneloss),mumpsorevenchickenpox,butthatdoesnotmeanthatitcanspecificallyaddresstheproblemsofchronicfatigueandchronicdepression.Thesetwocriticalweaknessesalonemaketheargumentunconvincing.首先，简单的根据大豆可能有防病功能，那不意味着它就可以对抗慢性疲劳和慢性抑郁。疲劳和抑郁或许实际上不能被看做疾病，因此即使建设大豆确有抗病功效，那么也不会对疲劳和抑郁这些非疾病有效。其次，就算假定疲劳和抑郁确实是疾病，它们也没有作为大豆或者异黄酮能够防范的具体疾病中提到。或许大豆可以有助于防止（骨质疏松），但这不意味着大豆可以具体解决疲劳和抑郁的问题。仅仅这两个严重的缺陷就使这一论证不令人信服。,Modelessay,Evidence2论据2Furthermore,thearguersconclusionisbasedontheideathatdietalonecanpreventfatigueanddepressionbycomparingthedietsofNorthAmericansandAsians.Itishighlyunlikelythatdietaloneisresponsibleforthetremendousdifferenceintheratesoffatigueanddepressionbetweenthetwopopulations.Otherfactorssuchaslifestyles,occupations,residenceincityorruralareasandlevelsofstressmayplayamuchbiggerfactorthandiet.Additionally,thearguerstatesthatsoycontainsphytochemicalscalledisoflavones,whichsupposedlyhavedisease-preventingproperties.并且，作者的结论是基于通过对比北美和亚洲人的饮食得出单靠饮食就可以防止疲劳和抑郁这一观点得出的。然而单一的饮食因素就能够解释两大人群中疲劳和抑郁的比例巨大差异是很不可能的。其他因素如生活方式、职业、城市还是郊区居住以及压力水平可能影响更大。此外，作者描述了大豆含有异黄酮的植物化学物质，该物质假定有防病功效。,Modelessay,Evidence3论据3Whatisnotstated,however,iswhethertheseisoflavonesarecontainedinaforminsoythatisusablebythehumanbody.Itispossiblethattheparticularconfigurationofthephytochemicalsfoundinsoyproductsisnotusablebythehumanbody,therebyproducingnobeneficialeffectsbypeopleeatingmoresoyproducts.Inandofthemselves,isoflavonesmaypreventcertaindiseases,butperhapsthosefoundinsoyareofnobenefittohumans.Byfailingtoaddressthesepossibilities,thearguerhaspresentedanunconvincingargument.然而还有一点没有提及，就是以大豆形式存在的异黄酮是否可以被人体利用。可能在大豆产品中找到的植物化学物质的具体配置不能被人踢利用，那么人们使用更多的豆制品没有一处。,Conclusion结论Insummary,theargumentfailsduetofourmajorflawsinlogi