2012年职称英语等级考试模拟试题及答案解析理工类A级模拟试题(二)

2012年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类（A级）全真模拟试题二第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项1. He was unable to give a credible explanation for his behavior. A. workable B. convincing C. practical D. reliable 2. Smoking is banned in the building. A. listed B. forbidden C. handled D. investigated 3. I want a job with good prospects for promotion. A. advancement B. replacement C. retirement D. advertisement 4. The report was compiled from a survey of 5000 households. A. printed B. attached C. written D. sent 5. The patient showed a marked improvement in her condition after changing medication. A. great B. clear C. quick D. regular 6. Actors dressed in authentic costumes re-enact the battle. A. faithful B. royal C. genuine D. sincere 7. People who travel by rail still read an immense amount. A. immediate B. enormous C. equal D. moderate 8. He demolished my argument in minutes. A. disapproved B. disputed C. accepted D. supported 9. Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife. A. evidence B. danger C. case D. picture 10. Ashley gazed at him, her thoughts in turmoil. A. failure B. doubt C. confusion D. relief 11. It was an article in the local newspaper which finally spurred him into action . A. attract B. encourage C. require D. spend 12. He impressed all his colleagues as a vigorous man in the prime of his career. A. hot-tempered B. healthy C. friendly D. patient 13. From my standpoint, you know, this is ridiculous. A. position B. point of view C. knowledge D. opinion 14. The journalist was probing into several financial scandals. A. solving B. investigating C. involving D. disputing 15. You have to abide by the referees decision. A. stick to B. persist in C. safeguard D. apply 第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）下面短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确的信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误的信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 California Gives Green Light to Space Solar Power Energy beamed down from space is one step closer to reality, now that California has given the green light to an agreement that would see the Pacific Gas and Electric Company buy 200 megawatts of power beamed down from solar-power satellites beginning in 2016. But some major challenges will have to be overcome if the technology is to be used widely. A start-up company called Solaren is designing the satellites, which it says will use radio waves to beam energy down to a receiving station on Earth. The attraction of collecting solar power in space is the almost uninterrupted sunshine available in geosynchronous orbit. Earth-based solar cells, by contrast, can only collect sunlight during daytime and when skies are clear. But space-based solar power must grapple with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space, says Richard Schwartz of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. “If youre talking about it being economically viable for power of the Earth, its a tough go,” he says. Cal Boerman, Solarens director of energy services, says the company designed its satellites with a view to keeping launch costs down. “We knew we had to come up with a different, revolutionary design,” he says. A patent the company has won describes ways to reduce the systems weight, including using inflatable mirrors to focus sunlight on solar cells, so a smaller number can collect the same amount of energy. But using mirrors introduces other challenges, including keeping the solar cells from overheating, says Schwartz. “You have to take care of heat dissipation because youre now concentrating a lot of energy in one place,” he says. According to the companys patent, Solarens solar cells will be connected to radiators to help keep them cool. Though Boerman says the company believes it can make space-based solar power work, it is not expecting to crowd out other forms of renewable energy. Laws in California and other states require increasing use of renewable energy in coming years, he points out. “To meet those needs, were going to need all types of renewable energy sources,” he says.16. Solar-power satellites will use radio waves to beam energy down from space. A. Right. B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 17. Solaren is going to design 200 solar-power satellites. A. Right. B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 18. Space-based solar cells could collect solar power only when skies are clear. A. Right. B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 19. One advantage of space-based solar power system is that it is economical. A. Right. B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 20. Inflatable mirrors are used to reduce the weight of the space-based solar power system. A. Right. B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 21. 6.Space-based solar power will rule out other forms of renewable energy source. A. Right. B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 22. Many countries will grant permission for the use of the space-based solar power system. A. Right. B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文有2项测试任务：（1）第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第14段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第2730题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 The Natural Gas Natural gas is produced from reservoirs deep beneath the earth surface. Its a fossil fuel, meaning that it is derived from organic material buried in the earth millions of years ago. The main component of natural gas is methane. The popularity and use of clean natural gas has increased dramatically over the past 50 years as pipeline infrastructure has been installed to deliver it conveniently and economically to millions of residential, commercial and industrial customers world wide. Today, natural gas service is available in all 50 states in the U.S. and is the leading energy choice for fueling American homes and industries. More than 65 million American homes use natural gas. In fact, natural gas is the most economical source for home energy needs, costing one third as much as electricity. In addition to heating homes, much of the gas used in the U.S. is used as a raw material to manufacture a wild variety of products, from paint, to fibers for clothing, to plastics for healthcare, computing and furnishings. Natural gas is also used in a significant number of new electricity-generating power plants. Natural gas is one of the safest and cleanest fuels available. It emits less pollution than other fossil fuel sources. When natural gas is burned, it produces mostly carbon dioxide and water vaporthe same substances emitted when humans breathe. Compared with some other fossil fuels, natural gas emits the least amount of carbon dioxide into the air when combustedmaking natural gas the cleanest burning fossil fuel of all. The U.S. consumes about one third of the worlds natural gas output, making it the largest gas-consuming region in the world. The U.S. Department of Energys Energy Information Administration forecasts that natural gas demand will grow by more than 50 percent by 2025. There are huge reserves of natural gas beneath the earths surface. The largest reserves of natural gas can be formed in Russia, West and North Africa and the Middle East. LNG has been produced domestically and imported in the U.S. for more than four decades. Today, the leading importers of LNG are Japan, Korea, France and Spain.23. Paragraph 2 _.24. Paragraph 3 _.25. Paragraph 4 _.26. Paragraph 5 _.A: Popularity and use of natural gasB. Natural gas reserves and supplyC. Natural gas prices D. Clean fuel of choiceE. Disadvantages of natural gas F: Natural gas consumption 27. Natural gas is stored deep _.28. Natural gas is recognized as the most economical energy resource _.29. When manufacturing many different products, people use natural gas _.30. It is estimated by 2025 the natural gas demand in the US will increase _. A. over the past 50 years B. beneath the earth surface C. by more than 50 percent D. for more than four decades E. as a raw material F. for home energy needs 第4部分：阅读理解（第39-53题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。 第一篇Too Little for Global WarmingOil and gas will run out too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up the shortfall. But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet.The IPCCs predictions of global meltdown pushed forward the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass.Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined about to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the worlds remaining reserves.Nebojsa Nakicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panels work still stands. He says they factored in a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the “conservative” Swedes.Even if oil and gas run out, “theres a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited”, he says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2 for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest analysis is a “shot across the bows” for policy makers.31. What do the authors of the new analysis presented at the University of Uppsala intend to say?A. the burning of coal will accelerate the arrival of Earths doomsday.B. The oil reserves are big enough to materialize the doomsday scenariosC. Melting ice caps and searing temperatures exist only in science fictionD. Oil and gas will run out so fast that Earths doomsday will never materialize.32. Nations that signed the Kyoto Protocol agree toA. pay attention to global meltdownB. cut CO2 emissionsC. use more green energyD. stop using fossil fuels33. What are the estimates of the worlds oil and gas reserves?A. 4,000 billion barrels by the average forecastB. 8,000 billion barrels estimated by the SwedesC. 3,500 barrels envisaged by IPCCD. 3,500 billion by a growing number of scientists34. Which of the following about Nebojsa Nakicenovic is true?A. he thinks fossil fuels are as dirty as oil and gasB. he thinks green fuels will replace oil and gas eventuallyC. he thinks IPCCs view on the worlds reserves is too optimisticD. he thinks that IPCCs estimates are more optimistic than the Swedes35. Which of the following is the near explanation of Nakicenovics assertion that “ such a switch would be disastrous?A. The IPCC scenarios would come true because burning coal will emit larger amounts of CO2“B. A switch to burning coal would produce disastrous environmental problemsC. Oil and gas to replace coal as fuel would speed up the process of global warmingD. A switch from the IPCC scenarios to the policymakers ones would be disastrous 第二篇Listening to BirdsongA male zebra finch1 chirps away2to himself. Suddenly he notices a female bird nearby. He realizes he has an audience and immediately changes his song. Can the female tell the difference in his performance? According to a new study, the female zebra finch knows. And she prefers the special trills he creates when he sings to her. A male zebra finch changes his song when singing to a female in ways that people can barely detect. But the female finch can tell the difference.Scientists had noticed slight variations in the songs of mal zebra fmches based on whether they were singing alone or whether there was a female (and potential mate) nearby. With an audience, the males sped up the pace of their songs and controlled the notes they used.For this study, researchers Sarah C. Woolley and Allison Doupe at the University of California, San Francisco decided to focus attention on the listening females, which have not been well studied in the past.In the study, Woolley and Doupe set up ,a long cage with a sound speaker at each end. One broadcast the sound of a male zebra finch singing to himself, like someone singing in the shower. The other speaker broadcast a male performing for a female audience, as if he was giving a concert.Female birds were placed between the two speakers. Some of the birds had mates, others didnt. The females shifted around a bit, and then most of them hopped over to sit beside just one speaker. All the birds that made a clear choice liked songs meant for a female audience, even if theyd never met the male.Mated females also had a chance to listen to two different performance songs, one from an unknown male, and one from their mate. They spent more time listening to the concert version of their mates songs. This suggests that after a while, females learn to recognize-and preferthe songs of their mates.Scientists then studied the brains of the females. They found certain areas of the brain perked up3 when the birds listened to the concert songs. These brain areas may be involved in recognizing and evaluating the songs, and storing the memories of them.This research deals with whats called directed communication, when the communicator, or sender, focuses the message for a specific audience. One example is the way moms speak to their babies. Mothers around the world use the same sort of highpitched4 sing-song chatter, and the babies respond best to those sounds. Songbirds are one of the only other species known to learn their communication, in this case their songs.36. What does the first paragraph say about zebra finches?A) Male zebra finches like to sing to female zebra finches.B)Male zebra finches sing louder than female zebra finches.C)Male zebra finches change their songs in female zebra finches presence.D)Male zebra finches like to listen to female zebra finches sing.37. What did the researchers fred in their study of female zebra finches?A)Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them.B)Female finches only liked songs male finches sang for their mates.C)Female finches liked to listen to songs from both speakers.D)Female finches chose the best male singers as their mates.38. What is meant by concert songs in the seventh paragraph?A)Songs sung by zebra finches at a concert.B)Songs sung by male finches for female finches.C)Songs sung by female fmches for male finches.D)Songs sung by male fmches to many female finches.39. What is NOT true of directed communication?A)The sender of a message has a specific audience.B)Male zebra finches sing to female finches.C)Mothers talk to their babies,D)Male zebra finches sing to themselves.40. Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?.A)Chirping away.B)Birdsongs as communication.C)Zebra finches and their life.D)Enjoying birdsongs. 第三篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers” and predators. The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment. Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain. Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers. Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the universitys Center for Ecology and Conservation, said: “Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. Theyre also very territorial and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said. The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinat