应用语言学 guy cook

TheNeedofAppliedLinguistics,Inourdailylife,weuselanguagetocommunicatewithourfriendsandwritenotes.Whileusinglanguage,werarelyconcernaboutwhatislanguageandtheconceptoflanguage.However,peoplesometimesfacewithproblemsorchallengesthatrelatetolanguage,suchaslanguageteachingimprovementsandtranslatingimprovements,abouthowtopromotetheefficiencyofteachingandtranslating.,Toanswerthequestionandcomeupwithbettersolution,weneedasubjecttospecializeinlanguageandresearchaccordingtothelanguagetheoriesandanalysisinreasonandsystematicallyway.Thiskindofsubjecthastobedifferentfromtheoreticallinguisticsandfocusonsolvinglinguisticproblemsandimprovethelanguageefficiency.Thus,appliedlinguisticsisaninterdisciplinaryfieldoflinguisticsthatidentifies,investigates,andofferssolutionstolanguage-relatedreal-lifeproblems.,WehavereadthestoryabouttheTowerofBabelinthebookofGenesis,itisaboutthepeoplewerebuildingatowerwhichcantouchtheheaven.TheGodmessedupthelanguageamongthepeopleanddrovethemtoseparate.Fromthisstorywecanseelanguagecanbothreachtoharmonyandcoursediscrepancy.Inthecontemporaryworld,especiallyinmodernChina,wearefacingethniccontradictionsinpoliticsandculturalfields.Thestudyofappliedlinguisticaredealingconcernedwiththerelationofknowledgeaboutlanguagetodecisionmakingintheseproblems.,ExamplesandProcedures,1.Whichlanguageshouldbeaddedinuniversitiescourse?Chinese/spanish/IndianlanguageGujarati（古吉拉特语）,Chinese:theworldslargestfirstlanguage.,Spainish:oneofmostwidelydistributedlanguages.,Gujarati:largestsecondlanguageinschoolandlocalcommunity.,conductingasurveymakinginvestigationinterviewingstudentsandtheirparents.,2.Whichkindofcourseeducationalorganizationshouldoffer?,Courseshouldfocuson:writingorspeaking?courseshouldbetheoreticalorpractical?,basedontheneedsoflearners.offerdifferentcoursesandletlearnerstochoose.,3.Howtojudgetheauthorityofsecondlanguagespeakers?,anexperiencedmanvsawell-educatedman,Iamright!,Youarewrong.,Consultingathirdone.Employanativespeaker,4.Isitpropertosimplifyalanguageforconveniency?,Tojudgeitsadvantagesanddisadvantage.weighingtheprosandcons,5.IsEsperantoanecessity?,(Esperantoisaninventedlanguagethatwasdesignedtohelppeoplefromdifferentcountriescommunicatewitheachother.)今天，以世界语为母语的人士约1000人。能流利使用的人估计十万到两百万人。,Nowadays,aroundonethousandpeopleuseEsperantoastheirnativelanguageandabout100thousandortwomillionpeoplecanmasterit.,TheScopeofAppliedLinguistics,.LanguageandEducation,1.AL2.StandardLanguageEducation;3.AdditionalLanguageEducation;4.MultilingualEducation;5.LearnerAutonomyinLanguageLearning;6.EducationalTechnologyandLanguageLearning;7.ClinicalLinguistics;8.LanguageTest;,4.AcronymsandabbreviationsofLE,ALL:ApprenticeshipLanguageLearningCALL:computer-assistedlanguagelearningCLIL:contentandlanguageintegratedlearningCELI:CertificatodiConoscenzadellaLinguaItalianaCLL:communitylanguagelearningDELE:DiplomadeEspaolcomoLenguaExtranjeraDELF:diplmedtudesenlanguefranaiseEFL:EnglishasaforeignlanguageELL:EnglishlanguagelearningELT:Englishlanguageteaching,FLL:foreignlanguagelearningFLT:foreignlanguageteachingHLL:heritagelanguagelearningL1:firstlanguage,nativelanguage,mothertongueL2:secondlanguage(oranyadditionallanguage)LDL:LernendurchLehren(Germanforlearningbyteaching)LOTE:LanguagesOtherThanEnglishSLA:secondlanguageacquisitionTELL:technology-enhancedlanguagelearningTPRS:TeachingProficiencythrough,ReadingandStorytellingTEFL:teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguageN.B.Thisarticleisabouttravel-teaching.TEFLA:teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoadultsTESOL:teachingEnglishtospeakersofotherlanguagesTPR:TotalPhysicalResponseTEFL:teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguageN.B.Thisarticleisabouttravel-teaching.UNIcert:isaEuropeanlanguageeducationsystemofmanyuniversitiesbasedontheCommonEuropeanFrameworkofReferenceforLanguages.,II.language,work,andlaw,1.WorkplaceCommunicationDefination:thestudyofhowlanguageisusedintheworkplace.Theprocessofexchanginginformation(verbalornon-verbal)causeemployeesarefromdifferentpartsofsociety.Inordertoworkeffectively,employeesneedshowtocommmunicateinworkplace.,languageplanning,Defination:isadeliberateefforttoinfluencethefunction,structureoracquistitionoflanguagesorlanguagevarietywithinaspeechcommunity.TherepresentativeofsomelanguagepolicyExample:Putonghua、usetwolanguagesinTibet,ForensicLinguistics,languageandthelaworlegallinguisticsDefination:theapplicationoflinguisticknowledge,methodsandinsightstotheforensiccontextoflaw,language,crimeinvestigation,trial,andjudicialprocedure.3areasofapplication:a)understandinglanguageofwrittenlaw.b)understandinglanguageuseinforensicandjudicialprocesses.c)theprovisionoflinguisticevidence.Ininvolvesarangeofexpertsandresearchersindifferentareasoffields.,III.Language,information,andeffect,1.Literarystylistics:thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlinguisticchoicesandeffectsinliterature.Itisthestudyofstyle,itisaninterdisciplinarysubject,abridgethatlinkslinguisticsandliteracycriticism.,2.CriticalDiscourseAnalysis(CDA)CriticalDiscourseAnalysisisaninterdisciplinaryapproachtothestudyofdiscoursethatviewslanguageasaformofsocialpracticeandfocusesonthewayssocialandpoliticaldominationarereproducedintextandtalk.3.translationandinterpretation:Itisthecommunicationofthemeaningofasource-languagebymeansofanequivalenttarget-language.,4.informationdesign:Informationdesignisthepracticeofpresentinginformationinawaythatfostersefficientandeffectiveunderstandingofit.lexicography:lexicographyistheartorcraftofcompiling,writingandeditingdictionaries.,ADifficultRelationship-LinguisticsandAppliedLinguisitics,linguistics(theory),defination:thescientificstudyoflanguage.Thatsmeaswhichlooksforthegeneralitiesunderlyingactualappearance,soitsrepresnetanabstractidealizationoflanguage.(branches:Phonetics、Phonology、Morphology、Syntax、Semantic、Pragmatics),1)Phonology:studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.2)Phonetics:studiesspeechsounds,includingproduction、descrptionandclassification.3)Morphology:concernedwithinternalorganizationofwords,whichstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemes,andwordformationprocesses.4)Syntax:ItsabouttheprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.5)Semantics:howmeaningsisencodedinalanguage.6)Pragmatics:Itisthestudyofmeaningincontext.,Appliedlinguistics,Appliedlinguistics-referstotheuseoflinguisiticsresearchinlanguageteaching,putlinguisticstheoriesintopractice.Psycholingustics:theinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducinguterrancesandinlanguageacquisition.Sociolinguistics:thestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties、functions、speakers.AnthropolpgicalLinguisitics:Itsinterestedprimarilyinthehistoryandstructureofformerlyunwrittenlanguage.ComputionalLinguistic:aninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage(naturallanguage)todistinguishitfromcomputerlanguage.,MethodologyofAppliedLinguistics,1.Refertotheories&findingsoflinguistics.2.Findappropriateschoolsandapproaches3Needsinvolvesinproblemsandexperience4.eformulateeach.,OtherSchoolsofLinguistics,1）CompetenceVSperformance,Competence:alanguageusersunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.Performance:theactualuseoflang