英语语法--时态语态

时态语态一. 一般现在时v./v-(e)s 1 表示经常性习惯动作或存在状态，常由always, often, usually, sometimes, everyday, once a year, now and then, from time to time 等时间状语连用。e.g. He often goes to the library. She works hard.2.表示普遍真理 e.g. The sun rises in the east. The sun is red3.表示在一个具体的现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态e.g. What time is it now?4.介绍故事梗概或剧情说明、解说词等e.g. Marthilde walks towards her, she stops and speaks to Jeanne.5表示一个按规定，计划或安排要发生的动作，主要用于come, go, leave, arrive等表位置移动的动词，表示起止的动词如return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等e.g. The shop closes at 11:00p.m. every day . What are you going to do when you leave school .6.在时间或条件状语从句中用一般时态表将来的动作。但要注意由if引导的条件状语从句中，可用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。e.g. I will tell him the news as soon as he comes back . I wont attend the party unless they invite me. If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased .如果你愿意接受并参加我们派队，我的家人会非常高兴。 二. 现在进行时 am/is/are+doing 1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作e.g. What are you doing now?2. 表现阶段正在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行e.g. He is teaching English and learning Chinese.3. 有时可表示将来的动作，主要用于go, come, leave, start, begin, arrive, return等动词e.g. They are going to the Great Wall this Sunday. The train is arriving.4. 与always, often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩。e.g. The girl is always talking loud in public.注：1）以here, there等词开头的句子用一般现在时代替进行时：e.g. There goes the bell.Here comes the teacher.=The teacher is coming.2)有些动词通常不能用于进行时态表感觉：see, hear, smell, fell, look, seem, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste 表心理状态，情感：like, love, hate, care, want, remember, believe, mind, wish, agree, mean, need 表存在状态：be, exist, stay, remain, appear, lie, belong to, depend on表占有与从属：have, possess, belong, consist表思想状态：know, understand, remember三. 一般将来时will/shall+do1.将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, from now on, in the future等表将来的时间状语连用2.表邀请e.g. Will you go swimming with me?3.表示一种趋向或习惯动作e.g. Well die without air or water.将来时的几种代用形式：be going to+ do表示已决定，安排，打算要做；根据迹象将要发生某事e.g. He is going to be a doctor when he grows up. be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall/will do 表示未事先考虑果，即说话临时作出决定be going to表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will时能，表意愿，如If it is fine, well go fishing. ()If it is fine, we are going to go fishing. (X)表天气状况只能用be going to be to+ do说话人的义务，责任，安排，命令，要求，命中注定等e.g. All these things are to be answered for. John is to remain here after class.be about to+ do 表即将或眼看要发生的事情，多与when连用（不与将来时间状语连用）e.g. I am about to leave.Autumn harvest is about to start.I was about to leave the house when the telephone suddenly rang.go,come,leave等现在进行时表将来的动作条件，时间状语从句用一般时表将来时 四. 一般过去时V-ed1. 表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，常与last night, yesterday, at that time等表过去时间的状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）e.g. He wasnt in last night. He joined the Young Pioneers when he was 7.2. 表过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作。e.g. She often came to help us.John always got up late, and never had enough time for breakfast.过去经常或反复的动作，也可用used to/would+ do表示3. 在时间，条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。e.g. She told me that she would not leave until I came back.五. 现在完成时have/has+ done1. 表过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。e.g. He has gone to town. Some one has turned on the radio.2. 表过去某时到现在这段时间中发生的事情，表“经历” 。e.g. This is the first time I have ever heard of such a thing.3. 表过去已开始，延续到现在的动作或状态。e.g. They have lived in Beijing since 1972.4.在时间，条件从句中，表将来完成的动作。e.g. Ill post the letter as soon as Ive written it.注：1）现在完成时除可以和for, since引导的状语连用，还可以和下面的介词短语连用；during/in/over the last/past/few years(months, weeks)/in recent years等，但不能与明确表示过去的时间状语连用。2）终止性动词的完成式不能与表延续意义的时间状语连用。e.g. He has come for 3 days. (X) He has been here for 3 days. ()It is 3 days since he came here. ()It was 3 days since he had come here. ()3)下列句型中常用现在完成时This/That/It is the first /secondtime that +完成时This/That/It is the only +that+完成时This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting+that从句+完成时一般过去时与现在完成时的区别1.凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago, last year, just now, the other day等，现在完成时通常与表示包括现在在内的时间状语连用2.现在完成时强调过去某事对现在造成的影响，主要是说明现在的情况，一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情本身，不涉及与现在的关系。六. 过去进行时were/was+doing1.表过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，这一特定时间往往须用时间状语表示e.g. What was your sister doing this time yesterday?She was reading a book when I come in.注：1）go, come, leave等的进行时，可表过去即将发生的动作 2）某些动词不能用进行时（见现在进行时）2.用于描述一件事发生的背景，一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生七.过去完成时“过去的过去”had+done 1. 在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。e.g. By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars, The train had left before we reached the station.2.表示未曾实现的希望，打算，意图，诺言等，常用had hoped /planned /meant /intended /thought /wanted/ expected 等e.g.His wife had hoped to catch the first train but she was too late.3.“时间名词+before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词+ago”在句子作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。e.g. He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.4.表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly/Scarcelywhen 主句用过去完成时 No sooner than 从句用一般过去时e.g. We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. =No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.注：当一个由before, after, as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接发生时，由于这些连词本身已说明两个动作的先后关系，因此两个动作均可用“一般过去时”e.g. The train started to move just before he reached the station.After he (had) left the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.八.过去将来时 should/would+ do1.从过去某时看将要发生的动作e.g. They didnt expect that I would say so.2过去习惯的动作e.g. Every night he would study late.3.表“愿望”，“倾向性”e.g. It was raining hard but none of us would stop working.4.was/ were +going to do was/ were +going/coming/leaving was/ were +to do was/ were about + to do 九.现在完成进行时have/has been doing 从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在并可能将延续下去的动作。e.g. Tom has been watching TV since this morning.十.过去完成进行时 had been doinge.g. Nobody knew what Peter had doing these years.十一.将来进行时1. 表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情e.g. Shell be coming soon. 她会很快来的。Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.以后找时间我一定去会会他。注：将来进行时不用于表示“意志”，不能说Ill be having a talk with her. 2. 常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等e.g. By the time next year, Ill be lying on the beach. 明年这个时候，我正躺在沙滩上呢！时态呼应某些从句（主要是宾语从句）中谓语动作的时态常常受主句中谓语动词的影响，这叫做时态的呼应，也叫时态的一致。1主句中谓语动词为现在或将来时态时，从句中的谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态。e.g. She says she is (was, will be)a teacher.Can you tell me when you left (are to leave)for Tibet?2.主句中谓语动词为过去时态时，从句的谓语动词的时态为一般过去时 从句谓语与主句谓语所表示的过去进行时 动作同时发生过去完成时 从句动作先于主句动作发生过去将来时 从句动作在主句动作之后发生 e.g. He told me he was ill. She said she was writing an article. He told me that she had caught up with the others. He said he would be a doctor when he left school.但：1）从句所说明的如果是普遍真理，则仍用现在时态e.g. The teacher told the children that the earth goes round the sun.2)从句有一表示具体时间的状语，其谓语动作先于主句发生，也不用完成时，而用一般现在时e.g. He said he was born in 1970. The teacher told the pupils the Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.另：主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句一般也要遵守时态呼应规则，而定语，状语从句一般不受主句谓语动词的影响，而是根据需要选用适当的时态。e.g. It seemed to me that I had met him before.(主语从句)That is what he wants.(表语从句)The fact that he studied hard was known to us all.(同位语从句)I found a very interesting book about physics, which I shall give you as soon as you come.(定语从句)She took part in the rebuilding of the machine as she wants to improve it. (状语从句)动词的语态主动，被动被动语态的构成方式：1.be +过去分词，口语中也有用 get/ become+过去分词表示2.情态动词+ be + 过去分词被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到的动作执行者是谁时，用被动语态，强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）一. 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题1. 主动变被动时双宾语的变化。e.g. My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend) on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.2. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）：（作补语的）不定式前需加to.e.g. The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long (by the boss).3. 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”.e.g. The children were taken good care of (by her). Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.4. 情态动词和be going to, be to, be sure to, used to, have to, had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be+ 过去分词。e.g. He is sure to finish the article in an hour.=The article is sure to be finished in an hour.二. 不能用被动语态的几种情况1. 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。2. 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last, hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, look like, consist of 等3. 表示归属的动词，如：have, own, belong to等4. 表示“希望，意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等5. 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态6. 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell, write, wash, open, lock 等三. 主动形式表被动意义1. 当feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后接形容词时，当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash等带状语修饰语时，当动词