写作中的人称问题ppt课件

写作中的人称问题,主讲：孙兆霞,1,写作视角，文章写作的角度，由作者的写作目的和读者对象决定，角度选择的错误或前后不一致，会造成行文的混乱和读者的迷惑。写作的视角可分为三种：第一人称第二人称第三人称,人称与写作视角,2,突出作者或者作者群体。例如：Inmysurvey,IfoundthatInoursurvey,wefoundthat注意：I和we可以避免使用。Thissurveyshowsthat,第一人称（FirstPerson）,3,描述个人经历。例如：Toillustrate,whenIfirstmovedtotheU.S.,IcouldnotspeakEnglishverywell.IespeciallyhadtroublewithForexample,travelhelpedmeovercomeburnout.Torelaxfrommystressfuljobasacomputerprogrammer,IwenttoBuffalo,whereIsawawonderfulsight,NiagaraFalls.WhenIlookedupatthefalls,thegushingwaterseemedtofallfromthesky,andIcouldfeelitspower.ThesightwassobeautifulthatIwasmoreinspiredtodomywork.,第一人称（FirstPerson）,4,为了表示作者与写作对象属于同一个群体（泛指）。例如：Weundergraduatesbelievethatcertainchangesmustbemadeatthisuniversity.Weteachersworkhardtoprepareforourclasses.考虑下这两个句子是在那种场合下使用的？,第一人称（FirstPerson）,5,第一人称使用要慎重。私人写作口气不正式，一般多涉及到私人事务，较亲近，第一人称较常见。而正式的写作要求客观、不受个人情感影响，因此除用于描述个人经历以支持论点外，应避免使用第一人称，而应该多使用第三人称进行概括。,第一人称（FirstPerson）,6,介绍（或解释一个过程）例如：Tochangeaflattire,youmusttakeasystematicapproach.First,youneedtoThen,youshouldAfter,itisagoodideathatyouIfyoufollowthesesteps,youshouldnthaveanytroublechangingaflattire.,第二人称（SecondPerson）,7,给读者提建议（进行推荐）例如：ToimproveyourEnglish,youcanwatchmoreTV,visitwithyourAmericanfriends,readmoreinEnglish,andkeepajournalinEnglish.Youshouldnotjustsitinyourroomwithabookandtapebecauseyouarenotgettinganyfeedbackonyouruseofthelanguage.,第二人称（SecondPerson）,8,用于泛指（you被用来指与本人无关的所用人，不特指某个读者）。例如：Whenyouareintrouble,youfindoutwhoyourfriendsare.,第二人称（SecondPerson）,9,正式的写作中，慎用第二人称。第二人称较口语化，不够正式。Speakingaforeignlanguagecanbeembarrassing.Toillustrate,whenyoufirstmovedtotheU.S.,youcouldnotspeakEnglishverywell.YouespeciallyhadtroublewithForexample,travelhelpedyouovercomeburnout.Torelaxfromyourstressfuljobasacomputerprogrammer,youwenttoBuffalo,whereyousawawonderfulsight,NiagaraFalls.Whenyoulookedupatthefalls,thegushingwaterseemedtofallfromthesky,andyoucouldfeelitspower.Thesightwassobeautifulthatyouweremoreinspiredtodoyourwork.,第二人称（SecondPerson）,10,不要用第二人称写自己的亲身经历，如果读者与作有同感，使用第二人称还有些道理，可是如果读者对你写的情况并不熟悉，也根本没有发生过你写的事件时，这种写法就会很不自然。,第二人称（SecondPerson）,11,正式写作中多用（he,she,it,one,they）。第三人称客观明晰，能更好地突出文章主题。,第三人称（ThirdPerson）,12,注意避免出现第三人称使用中的性别歧视问题（sexism）传统上讲，男性代（名）词可用以指称男女混合的人群。“Astudentcanedithisessaysquicklywithawordprocessor.”但社会发展到今天，用男性代（名）词指称男女两个性别就有歧视之嫌。,第三人称（ThirdPerson）,13,方法一：有的作者通过明确指出男女两个代（名）词来陈述。Astudentcanwritehisorherpapersquicklywithawordprocessor.Heorshewillfindthatitiseasiertoselectandmovepassagesandproofreadandedithisorherpapers.Thepapersheorshewriteswillalsolookbetterandbeeasierforhisorherprofessortoread.,四个方法避免性别歧视,14,方法二：有的作者试图通过全文使用one来解决性别歧视问题。但是，one和ones的用法很正式，通篇使用不自然。有的人就用heorshe代替one，用hisorher代替ones，行文会比较罗嗦。Onecanwriteonespapersquicklywithawordprocessor.Onewillfindthatitiseasiertoselectandmovepassagesandproofreadandeditonespapers.Thepapersonewriteswillalsolookbetterandbeeasierforhisorherprofessortoread.Onecanwritehisorherpapersquicklywithawordprocessor.Heorshewillfindthatitiseasiertoselectandmovepassagesandproofreadandedithisorherpapers.Thepapersonewriteswillalsolookbetterandbeeasierforhisorherprofessortoread.,四个方法避免性别歧视,15,方法三：一段用男性人称代（名）词，另一段用女性人称代（名）词。同样不够自然流畅，会分散读者的注意力。Onecanwritehispapersquicklywithawordprocessor.Hewillfindthatitiseasiertoselectandmovepassagesandproofreadandedithispapers.Thepapershewriteswillalsolookbetterandbeeasierforhisprofessortoread.Onecanalsobenefitfromawordprocessorbysavingherpapersontheharddrive.Thisway,shecaneasilyrecoverthetextforfurtherrevisions.Sheshouldnameeachfilecorrectly,however,sothatshewillnotmakechangestothewrongdocument.Inaddition,duetothewordprocessor,shecan,四个方法避免性别歧视,16,方法四：解决性别歧视问题最好的办法是用第三人称复数形式，包括男女两性且简洁。传统例子：Astudentcanedithisessaysquicklywithawordprocessor.Whenastudentappliestoacollege,hemustfilloutmanyforms.改后的例子：Studentscanedittheiressaysquicklywithawordprocessor.Whenstudentsapplytoacollege,theymustfilloutmanyforms.,四个方法避免性别歧视,17,OnecharacteristicthatAmericansvaluehighlyisindependence.Throughouthistory,wehavethoughtofourselvesaspioneers.Fromsettlinganewcountrytoopeningthefrontiers,thatrugged,independentspirithaspervadedeveryaspectofAmericanlife.Independentpeopleareadmiredasbeingpeopleofstrongcharacter.TheimportanceofindependencecanbeclearlyseeninthewayAmericanchildrenareraised.Fromthetimethatchildrenareverysmall,youareencouragedtoventureoutonyourownandtrynewthings.Forinstance,playingwithnewtoysisencouragedbyparents.Parentswatchproudlyaschildrenasyoungastwoyearsoldlearnhowtodothingsforthemselvessuchaspickingoutourownclothesanddecidingwhatwewanttoeat.,改写,18,Asyougrowolder,youareoftenrequiredtoperformhouse-holdtasks,likecleaning,toearntheirmoneyforthingswewant.Overtime,weareexpectedtocontinuedoingthingsonourown,particularlyearningmoney.Mosthighschoolstudents,forexample,havepart-timejobstoearnmoneyforthingslikecars,clothes,andentertainment.Thispushtowardsindependencecontinuesuntilthedaythatyouareencouraged,ifnotexpected,tomoveoutonyourown.Americanadultsareexpectedtomaketheirownwayintheworldwithlittlehelpfromothers.Asyoucansee,independenceisarespectedtraitinAmericansociety.,改写,19,代（名）词非常重要，一方面保证了写作的视角，另一方面保证了句子的连贯。使用代（名）词替代实词，有助于保证思想的连续性，而且还能减少不必要的重复。一个代（名）词必须有一个指代清楚的先行词，否则会造成表义不明确或歧义。Phonesaremoreconvenientthanlettersbecausetheyenableustocontactourfamiliesandfriends.从内容上判断，they可能是指phones。但是，they前面还有一个复数先行词letters，会造成读者的迷惑。Phonesaremoreconvenientthanlettersbecausewithphoneswecancontactourfamiliesandfriendsquickerthanwecanwithletters.,指代明确,20,Darkstreetsareoftenplaceswhereunscrupulous