《西方现代文化二》PPT课件VIP

西方现代文化（二）,三、现代性与大众文化的对立,“沉默的大众”步入社会生活的前台，成为一种巨大的社会力量。大众不等于“劳动人民”或“下层阶级”，大众文化不是民间文化。大众的本质特征是，他们缺乏独立的个性和个人的生活方式，是无名的非个人化的社会存在。奥尔特加：“大众是平均的人”，“与众不同是丢人现眼的。”,通俗艺术是适合于尽可能多的民众的艺术形式。为了达到这个目的，它只能满足最低标准的理解和趣味。格林伯格认为，大众对真正的文化价值缺乏感觉，而对文化消遣如饥似渴，于是，社会就向他们提供媚俗艺术。,Adorno认为，统治者出于加强对人的控制的需要，意图用商品化的消费意识来扼杀主体的自我意识。通俗艺术不是艺术创作的结果，而是文化工业的产品。其主题简单庸俗，结构千篇一律，永远讲述美的谎言，制造肤浅的快乐，使人忘却痛苦，让那个本不堪忍受的现实变得可以承受。通俗艺术是社会管制的帮凶。有了它的麻醉作用，人们甘于既定秩序的统治，逐渐变得逆来顺受、麻木不仁。“享乐意味着全身心的放松，头脑中什么也不思念实际上，享乐是一种逃避。但是不像人们所主张的逃避恶劣的现实，而是逃避对现实恶劣思想进行反抗。娱乐的消遣作品所许诺的解放，是摆脱思想的解放，而不是摆脱消极东西的解放。”,现代派艺术vs通俗艺术,艺术内容上通俗艺术大都没有重大严肃的人生内容，它们不去面对社会人生的重大现实问题。现代派艺术总是尖锐地批判不合理的现实，剖析人类存在的本质。Hauser：“纯艺术、严肃艺术、不妥协的艺术具有一种破坏效果，常常是一种痛苦和折磨人的效果。”,艺术形式上通俗艺术最主要的特点就在于公式化，缺少独创性，千篇一律。有时为了吸引和刺激大众，又在外表上标新立异，矫揉做作，哗众取宠，有非常显著的媚悦大众的商业色彩。与此相对，现代派艺术讲究独创性，着意追求艺术家的个性风格。通俗艺术的形式往往简单、浅显，而前卫艺术则充满着探索和实验，它们之所以不容易普及，根本原因在于此。,艺术接受上通俗艺术因其内容的浅俗、形式的简明，只要求消费者最低限度的注意，不要求具有较高的艺术修养，因而它拥有最广大的消费者。就是说，通俗艺术的出发点在于主动迎合大众的现有趣味，甚至是不健康的趣味，并不着眼于提高和引导大众趣味的发展。其结果是生产与消费的恶性循环，即一方面通俗艺术不断败坏和强化大众的现有趣味，另一方面，大众的现有趣味又强制地规定通俗艺术的生产，艺术生产的质量和消费者的趣味都处在停滞不前乃至下降的水平上。现代派艺术在内容和形式上的特征，决定了它对消费者有较高的要求，接受的难度较大，造成艺术价值与票房收入的尖锐矛盾。,艺术功能上通俗艺术突出的功能在于娱乐消遣性，缺乏较高层次的审美功能。这是它内容浅俗、形式公式化和接受时毫不费力的必然结果。通俗艺术逐渐钝化了消费者的自我意识和思维独立性，滋长了片面追求娱乐消遣的欲望，这就是其麻痹性，掩盖了社会矛盾的真相，消磨了人们的批判意识，在一种轻松的愉悦中，使消费者屈从于不合理的现实。此外，通俗艺术常常只能作一次性消费，缺乏持久的艺术魅力，它很快流行，又很快销声匿迹。现代派艺术内容上的真实深刻、形式上的创新、接受上的难度，唤起了消费者积极的审美介入，强化了消费者的自我意识和思维独立性，从而达到较高层次的审美效应。,附1：RocknRoll,兴起于20世纪50年代末的美国。Folkrock:BobDylan,JoanBaez,PaulSimonPsychedelicrock:TheGratefulDead,JeffersonAirplane,TheBeatles,TheRollingStones,PinkFloydArtrock:PinkFloyd,KingCrimsonHardrock:TheDoors,Heavymetal:LedZeppelin,JudasPriest,DeepPurple,Metallic,NightwishPunk:Ramones,PattiSmith,TheSexPistols,TheClashGrunge:ThePixies,Nirvana,SonicYouth,TheSmashingPumpkins实验音乐:BrianEno,PinkFloyd,TheVelvetUnderground,BlowinintheWind/BobDylanHowmanyroadsmustamanwalkdownBeforeyoucallhimaman?HowmanyseasmustawhitedovesailBeforeshesleepsinthesand?Yes,nhowmanytimesmustthecannonballsflyBeforetheyreforeverbanned?Theanswer,myfriend,isblowininthewind,Theanswerisblowininthewind.Yes,nHowmanyyearscanamountainexistBeforeitiswashedtothesea?Yes,nhowmanyyearscansomepeopleexistBeforetheyreallowedtobefree?Yes,nhowmanytimescanamanturnhishead,Andpretendinghejustdoesntsee?Yes,nmanytimesmustamanlookupBeforehecanseethesky?Yes,nhowmanyearsmustonemanhaveBeforehecanhearpeoplecry?Yes,nhowmanydeathswillittaketillheknowsThattoomanypeoplehavedied?,BeNotTooHard/JoanBaezBenottoohardforlifeisshortAndnothingisgiventoman.Benottoohardwhenheissoldorbought,Forhemustmanageasbesthecan.BenottoohardwhenheblindlydiesFightingforthingshedoesnotown.BenottoohardwhenhetellsliesOrifhisheartissometimeslikeastone.Benottoohardforsoonhelldie,Oftennowiserthanhebegan.BenottoohardforlifeisshortAndnothingisgiventoman.Andnothingisgiventoman.,Imagine/JohnLennonImaginetheresnoheaven,Itseasyifyoutry,Nohellbelowus,Aboveusonlysky,ImagineallthepeopleLivingfortoday.Imaginetheresnocountries,Itisnthardtodo,Nothingtokillordiefor,Noreligiontoo,ImagineallthepeopleLivinglifeinpeace.Imaginenopossessions,Iwonderifyoucan,Noneedforgreedorhunger,Abrotherhoodofman,ImagineallthepeopleSharingalltheworld.YoumaysayImadreamer,ButImnottheonlyone,Ihopesomedayyoulljoinus,Andtheworldwillliveasone.,Lather/JeffersonAirplaneLatherwasthirtyyearsoldtoday,Theytookawayallofhistoys.Hismothersentnewspaperclippingstohim,Abouthisoldfriendswhodstoppedbeingboys.TherewasHarwitzE.Green,justturnedthirty-three,Hisleatherchairwaitsatthebank.AndSergeantDowJones,twenty-sevenyearsold,Commandinghisveryowntank.ButLatherstillfindsitanicethingtodo,Tolieaboutnudeinthesand,Drawingpicturesofmountainsthatlooklikebumps,Andthrashingtheairwithhishands.Butwait,ohLathersproductiveyouknow,Heproducesthefinestofsounds,Puttingdrumsticksoneithersideofhisnose,Snortingthebestlicksintown,Butthatsallover.,WhiteRabbit/JeffersonAirplaneOnepillmakesyoulargerAndonepillmakesyousmallAndtheonesthatmothergivesyouDontdoanythingatallGoaskAliceWhenshestenfeettallAndifyougochasingrabbitsAndyouknowyouregoingtofallTellemahookahsmokingcaterpillarHasgivenyouthecallCallAliceWhenshewasjustsmallWhenmenonthechessboardGetupandtellyouwheretogoAndyouvejusthadsomekindofmushroomAndyourmindismovingslowGoaskAliceIthinkshellknowWhenlogicandproportionHavefallensloppydeadAndtheWhiteKnightistalkingbackwardsAndtheRedQueensoffwithherhead!Rememberwhatthedormousesaid;“Feedyourhead.Feedyourhead.”,LucyintheSkyofDiamonds/TheBeatlesVERSE1Pictureyourselfinaboatonariver,Withtangerinetreesandmarmaladeskies.Somebodycallsyou,youanswerquiteslowly,Agirlwithkaleidoscopeeyes.Cellophaneflowersofyellowandgreen,Toweringoveryourhead.Lookforthegirlwiththesuninhereyes,Andshesgone.CHORUSLucyintheskywithdiamonds,Lucyintheskywithdiamonds,Lucyintheskywithdiamonds,Ah.Ah.VERSE2,InAnotherLand/TheRollingStonesInanotherlandwherethebreezeandtheTreesandflowerswereblueIstoodandheldyourhandAndthegrassgrewhighandthefeathersfloatedbyIstoodandheldyourhandAndnobodyelseshandwilleverdoNobodyelsewilldoThenIawokeWasthissomekindofjoke?MuchtomysurpriseIopenedmyeyesWewalkedacrossthesandandtheseaandTheskyandthecastleswereblue,SettheControlsfortheHeartoftheSunLittlebylittlethenightturnsaroundCountingtheleaveswhichtrembleatdawnLotusesleanoneachotherinyearningUndertheeavestheswallowisrestingOoh,ooh,SetthecontrolsfortheheartofthesunOverthemountainwatchingthewatcherBreakingthedarknessWakingthegrapevineoneinchofloveisoneinchofshadowLoveistheshadowthatripensthewineOoh,ooh,SetthecontrolsfortheheartofthesunTheheartofthesunTheheartofthesunTheheartofthesun,JimMorrison(19431971),新长征路上的摇滚/崔健一二三四听说过，没见过，两万五千里有的说，没的做，怎知不容易埋着头，向前走，寻找我自己走过来，走过去，没有根据地想什么，做什么，是步枪和小米道理多，总是说，是大炮轰炸机汗也流，泪也落，心中不服气藏一藏，躲一躲，心说别着急噢，一二三四五六七,GodSavetheQueen/TheSexPistolsGodsavethequeenThefascistregimeTheymadeyouamoronPotentialH-bombGodsavethequeenSheaintnohumanbeingThereisnofutureInEnglandsdreamingDontbetoldwhatyouwantDontbetoldwhatyouneedTheresnofuture,nofuture,Nofutureforyou,奴才/盘古给你饭吃给你钱花你要听话人才，国家的栋梁之才他不是木材他不是大白菜他不是小青菜他不是黄花菜他他他他他他奴才！他是个奴才！,KurtCobain(19671994),TheGift/TheVelvetUndergroundWaldoJeffershadreachedhislimit.ItwasnowMid-AugustwhichmeanthehadbeenseparatedfromMarshaformorethantwomonths.Twomonths,andallhehadtoshowwasthreedog-earedlettersandtwoveryexpensivelong-distancephonecalls.True,whenschoolhadendedandshedreturnedtoWisconsin,andhetoLocust,Pennsylvania,shehadsworntomaintainacertainfidelity.Shewoulddateoccasionally,butmerelyasamusement.Shewouldremainfaithful(approximately1400words),附2：Hippies,嬉皮士运动最早发生于20世纪60年代中期的美国，随后迅速地影响其它国家。纽约的GreenwichVillage旧金山Haight-AshburyAugustusOwsleyStanleyIIIKenKesey飞越疯人院,SanFranciscoIfyouregoingtoSanFranciscoBesuretowearsomeflowersinyourhairIfyouregoingtoSanFranciscoYouregonnameetsomegentlepeoplethereForthosewhocometoSanFranciscoSummertimewillbealoveinthereInthestreetsofSanFranciscoGentlepeoplewithflowersintheirhair,嬉皮士反对核武器和越战，反对社会体制（TheEstablishment），反对一切清规戒律，讨厌被人管，批评中产阶级价值观。他们过着一种公社式的生活，提倡性解放，崇尚爱与个人自由，喜爱摇滚乐，喜爱东方哲学，喜爱用大麻和LSD等药物来探索另类的意识状态。音乐成了他们的生活方式，成了他们表达内心感受、抗议、世界观与人生观的工具。Flowerchildren,Lovegeneration,AllYouNeedisLoveAllyouneedislove(Alltogether,no