Talk-on-Confucius孔子英文介绍.ppt

ConfuciusHisLife,TeachingsandInfluence,WhoisConfucius?Greateducator,philosopherandthinkerinChinesehistoryThegreatestrepresentativeoftheancientChinesecultureandcivilizationFounderofConfucianismTheforemostsage,anationalidealandexampleLikenedtoChinasSocrates,PlatoorinasenseJesusChrist,ConfuciusChinesenamesConfucius:thenamehavingnothingtodowith“confuse”;amannotconfusingatall;histeachingsneverdifficulttounderstand.NotanabstractphilosopherbutateacherofeasymorallessonsConfucius,LatinizedformofKongFuziinChinese.Kong,hisfamilyname;FuziorZi,meaningGreatMaster,honorifictitlesinancientChinaforfamousscholars,statesmenorteachers.Hisoriginalname,KongQiu,whichcommonChinesepeopleneveruse.NotrespectfultocalltheMasterbyit.KongZi:themostcommonreferenceinChina,I.ConfuciusLife,Confuciusowncommentonhislife:TheMastersaid,“AtfifteenIbentmymindonlearning.Atthirty,Iwasfirmlyestablished.Atforty,Iwasfreefromdelusion.Atfifty,Iknewmydestiny.Atsixty,IwasabletotellrightfromwrongineverythingIheard.Atseventy,Icouldfollowmyheartsdesirewithoutoversteppingtherulesofpropriety.”TheAnalectsageofestablishment(theageof30)ageoffreedomfromdelusion(theageof40)ageofknowingonesowndestiny(theageof50),HisearlylifeBorninahillcaveinQufuin551B.C.,“atimeofchaosunderthesun”Hisfatherdiedwhenhewasonly3.FondoflearninghardandthinkingrationallyHismarriage,familyandchildrenTakingvarioushumblejobs,ThefirstprivateschoolteacherEstablishedasafamousscholararound30FoundingthefirstprivateschoolinthehistoryofChineseeducationOpeningthedoorofschooltoordinarypeopleandbreakingthemonopolyofeducationbythenobles.“Inmyclassroomthereisnoclassdistinction.”Theteacherofteachers,“theGreatestandForemostTeacher”,AbenevolentgovernmentofficialHislifepurpose:totakeupagovernmentposttoputhisideasintopracticeAppointedtheMinisterofJusticeSuccessintheposition;“Peopleneednotlocktheirdoorsatnight.”Hisresignationand14-yeartravelamongotherstates,HisfinaldaysHisreturntohisnativestate,respectedastheFatheroftheStateContinuinghisteachingcareerwhileeditingseveralancientclassicsHisdeathin479B.C.attheageof73,Hisworks“Imnotaninventorofnewideasbutatransmitterofancientwisdom”,nowritingbyhimlefttousTheAnalects,editedbyhisdisciplesafterhisdeath,themostreliablebookforstudyingConfuciusChinesepeoplesBible,oneofthemostquotedbookinChineseclassics,therichestsourceofChinesemottosandproverbs,II.ConfuciusTeachings,AbelieverofHeavenbutnotareligiousfounderandleader,oftenavoidingtalkingaboutreligioussubjectsConfucianism,thoughtreatedbysomepeopleasasortofreligion,havingnothingtodowithreligionAgreat,wiseteacheronpersonalandpublicmoralityandvirtue,1.Confuciusteachingsonren（仁）Ren,themostimportantconceptinConfuciusthought,thecentralcoreofhisphilosophyEnglishwordsforren:love,goodness,kindness,friendliness,human-heartedness,benevolence(benevolent),humanity,1)Whatisren?Whatisitsmeaning?Chinesecharacterofren:Ren,denotinggoodrelationshipbetweentwopersonsoramongpeople,harmonioushumanrelations.,Confuciusonren:“Donotdotootherswhatyoudonotwantotherstodotoyou.Thisisren.”(cf.Kantssaying)“Renistoloveothermen,tolovethepeopleextensively.”“Iwoulddescriberenlikethis:Ifyouwishtoestablishyourselfyoushouldalsoassistotherstoestablish.Ifyouwishtobesuccessfulyoushouldalsohelpotherstobesuccessful.”“Myaspirationtoattainrenisthattheagedliveaneasylife,friendshavefaithineachotherandchildrenbewellcared.”,2)TheimportanceofrenConfuciussaid,“Tohaveren(tobebenevolent)istobeaman.”“Onlyamanofreniscapableofdistinguishinggoodpeopleandbadpeopleandknowingwhotoloveandwhotohate.”Thefundamentalqualityofman,thehigheststandardofonesmorals3)Howtoacquireren?Confuciussaid,“Isrenfaraway?No.IfIaspireforrenitisrighthere!”Theachievementofrenisinourownhand.,2.Confuciusteachingsonli（礼）EnglishwordsforliWhatisli?TheimportanceofliinonesmoralcultivationandconductTheidealcombinationandembodimentofrenandli:Junzi,3.Confuciusteachingsonjunzi（君子）Junzi：arighteousman,amaninwhomrenisharmoniouslyblendedwithliJunzivs.pettymanJunzi,themostimportantbasisforaharmoniouscountryandsocietyHowcanamanbecomeajunzi?Fourstepsbywhichamanbecomesafulljunzi:cultivatingoneselfforgoodness,managingonesfamilywell,runonesstatewellandbringingpeacetothewholecountry,4.Confuciusteachingsongoodgovernment(仁政)“Hewhorulesbyvirtueandbenevolenceislikeapole-star,whichremainsinitsplacewhilealltheotherstarssurroundit.”Therighttogoverndependsupontherulersandgovernmentofficialsabilityandvirtuetomakethegovernedhappy.(cf.Therighttogoverndependsupontheconsentofthegoverned.)Therulersconstantself-rectificationoferrorsandself-cultivationofvirtuesarethekeytobenevolentgovernment.,5.Confuciusteachingsonlearningandeducation(1)Theonlywaytogainknowledgeistolearn.(2)Intellectualhonestyisimportant.(3)Learningandpracticeareinseparable.,III.ConfuciusInfluence,1.HisinfluenceinChina(1)Greatstressonmoralcultivati