网络工程师-3-IP地址ppt课件

Chapter3IP地址划分,概述,IP地址分类子网划分规划IP地址在WIN2000中指定IP地址CIDR,基础,运算二进制与十进制转换二进制与十六进制，八进制转换,（help),Booleanalgebrareview,Booleanoperators:AND.OR.NOT.,ANDoperator,1AND1=11AND0=00AND1=00AND0=0,ORoperator,1OR1=11OR0=10OR1=10OR0=0,NOToperator,NOT1=0NOT0=1,Booleanalgebraexamples,1010AND0110=00101010OR0110=1110,IP地址,什么是IP地址它是一种协议地址，别的协议可能会有自己的地址，不叫IP地址，这种地址是此协议用来定位计算机时用的IP地址的分类(A.B.C.D.E)A类（1-126）即：1.x.y.z-126.x.y.zB类（128-191）即:128.0.y.z-191.255.y.zC类（192-223）即:192.0.0.z-223.255.255.z,IP地址的分类,A类地址：头一位是0(w.x.y.z)B类地址：头两位是10(w.x.y.z)C类地址：头三位是110(w.x.y.z)网络ID和主机ID的作用（根据子网掩码来分的）地址分配原则：网络ID不能为127，主机ID不能全为0或者全为255，主机ID对于每个网络ID是唯一的。eg：192.168.0.1/24网络ID(192.168.0)主机ID（1）,子网掩码(subnetmask),IP地址内的网络ID和主机ID用子网掩码区分。每个子网掩码都是一个32位数，使用连续的都是1的位组标识网络ID，都是0的位组标识IP地址的主机ID。例如，IP地址131.107.16.200通常使用子网掩码是以下32位二进制数：11111111111111110000000000000000该子网掩码是16个都是1的位，后跟16个都是0的位，表示IP地址的网络ID和主机ID长度上都是16位。通常，该子网掩码显示成带点的十进制符号255.255.0.0。A类11111111000000000000000000000000255.0.0.0B类11111111111111110000000000000000255.255.0.0C类11111111111111111111111100000000255.255.255.0,地址类别小结,类别十进制表示前8位网络标识的数主机标识A1-126824B128-1911616C192-223248,Example:172.16.20.200,172.16.20.200isClassBaddressNetworkportion:172.16Hostportion:20.200Networkaddress:172.16.0.0Broadcastaddress:172.16.255.255,SMIPLE,C,218.14.55,137,218.14.55.255,A,123,1.1.15,123.255.255.255,B,150.127,221.244,150.127.255.255,C,194.125.35,199,194.125.35.255,B,175.12,239.244,175.12.255.255,Defaultsubnetmask:Example,192.168.2.100/255.255.255.0.11000000.10101000.00000010.01100100.11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000.11000000.10101000.00000010.01100100.ClassCnetwork:24bitsfornetworkportion.0bitsforsubnetportion.8bitsforhostportion.Subnetaddress:192.168.2.0.,Subnetmask:Example,172.16.65.100/255.255.240.0.10101100.00010000.01000001.01100100.11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000.10101100.00010000.01000001.01100100.ClassBnetwork:16bitsfornetworkportion.4bitsforsubnetportion.12bitsforhostportion.Subnetaddress:172.16.64.0.,TCP/IP工作原理,将IP地址与子网掩码相互操作,得出网络IP若相同,表示在同一子网,直接通信,若不同,表示在不同子网,找路由器,路由再发出广播.,Routingtable,Routerfunction,Routerfunction,Routerfunction(cont.1),Stripsoffthedatalinkheader,carriedbytheframe.(ThedatalinkheadercontainstheMACaddressesofthesourceanddestination.),Routerfunction(cont.2),Examinesthenetworklayeraddresstodeterminethedestinationnetwork.,Routerfunction(cont.3),Consultsitsroutingtablestodeterminewhichofitsinterfacesitwillusetosendthedata,inorderforittoreachitsdestinationnetwork.,Routerfunction(cont.4),SendthedataoutinterfaceB1,therouterwouldencapsulatethedataintheappropriatedatalinkframe.,子网,为什么要子网？（子网是TCP/IP环境中的一个物理段，划分子网可以克服当前技术的局限，例如超过每一段主机的最大数目。你可以重新定向网络流和减少广播，降低网络的拥挤程度。）子网掩码如何计算？1.确定子网掩码2.将子网（主机）数量转换成二进制3.计算所使用的位数4.通过计算可得子网掩码（举例）确定主机数量和子网数量（举例）计算子网地址（举例）计算主机地址（举例）,（举例）,192.168.10.0,需要13个子网来取代相互独立的网络，需要什么样的子网掩码呢？192.168.15.0,划分31个不同的子网.如果是B类地址呢？,TCP/IP地址测试,PINGPINGIP地址-TCP/IP协议初始化正确PING本机地址-网卡NDIS绑定正确PING同一子网地址-本子网网络已通PING缺省网关-路由器配置正确PING对方不同子网地址-这一段网络已通,IP地址,192.168.1.0,192.168.3.0,192.168.1.100,192.168.2.101,192.168.2.100,192.168.3.100,192.168.2.0,HostID,NetworkID,IP地址分类-1,w,x,y,z,ClassA,NetworkID,HostID,ClassB,NetworkID,HostID,ClassC,NetworkID,HostID,ClassA:ClassB:ClassC:ClassD:MulticastClassE:Research,IP地址分类-2,8bits,8bits,8bits,8bits,IP地址分类3,1,A:,0NNNNNNN,Host,Host,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(1-126),1,B:,10NNNNNN,Network,Host,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(128-191),1,C:,110NNNNN,Network,Network,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(192-223),1,D:,1110MMMM,MulticastGroup,MulticastGroup,MulticastGroup,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(224-239),Address,Class,Network,Host,10.2.1.1,128.63.2.100,201.222.5.64,192.6.141.2,130.113.64.16,256.241.201.10,Nonexistent,IP地址分类练习,子网划分,子网子网掩码判断本地主机、远程主机,子网,一个子网是一个广播域,子网掩码,判断本地主机、远程主机,比较：源NetID目的NetID相等：Local不相等：Remote,规划IP地址,一般原则指定NetIDs指定HostIDs,一般原则,TheHostID不能全0,TheHostID不能全255,NetworkID第一个字节不能是127,本网络内HostID必须唯一,特殊IP地址,类型HostID例子网络地址全0192.168.1.0广播地址全1192.168.1.255本地广播全1255.255.255.255,指定NetIDs,1,2,3,10.0.0.0,192.168.2.0,172.16.0.0,指定HostIDs,1,2,172.16.0.12,172.16.0.11,172.16.0.10,10.0.0.12,10.0.0.11,10.0.0.10,192.168.2.11,192.168.2.10,192.168.2.1,10.0.0.1,172.16.0.1,3,10.0.0.0,192.168.2.0,172.16.0.0,在WIN2000中指定IP地址,静态IP地址动态获得IP地址查看IP地址配置用Ipconfig查看TCP/IP配置,静态IP地址,动态获得IP地址,查看IP地址配置,用Ipconfig查看TCP/IP配置,CIDR概述,ClasslessInter-DomainRouting(CIDR)二进制IP地址二进制子网掩码用CIDR划分IP地址,ClasslessInter-DomainRouting(CIDR),传统A、B、C类IP地址的划分的缺点CIDR无类的IP地址划分,传统A、B、C类IP地址的划分的缺点,CIDR,二进制IP地址,点分十进制二进制ConvertingtoBinaryFormatUsingaCalculator,十进制二进制,ConvertingtoBinaryFormatUsingaCalculator,二进制子网掩码,子网掩码位CIDR表示掩码计算NetID判断本地主机、远程主机,子网掩码位,CIDR表示掩码,计算NetID,IPAddress,SubnetMask,NetworkID,NetworkIDinCIDRNotation,10.217.112.0/20,255.255.240.0,11111111111111111111000000000000,10.217.123.7,00001010110110010111101100000111,00001010110110010111000000000000,IPAddressinCIDRNotation:10.217.123.7/20,判断本地主机、远程主机,可用的HostIds,16,172,2,160,10101100,00010000,10100000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,4,1,IP地址练习,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,16,172,2,160,IP地址练习,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,7,16,172,2,160,IP地址练习,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,16,172,2,160,IP地址练习,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,5,6,16,172,2,160,IP地址练习,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,10000001,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,5,6,16,172,2,160,IP地址练习,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,10000001,10111110,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,16,172,2,160,IP地址练习,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10101100,00010000,00000010,10111111,10101100,00010000,00000010,10