Summary-Writing(1).ppt

SummaryWriting,I.Whatisasummary?,Asummaryisashortenedpassage,whichretainstheessentialinformationoftheoriginal.Itisafairlybriefrestatement-inyourownwords-ofthecontentsofapassage.Note:yousimplyreportbackwhatthewriterhassaid,withoutmakingvaluejudgments.,Whyshouldwesummarize?,Itisanimportantwritingskill:tosummarizeyourownresearchwork.Itisavaluablelearningtool:topickoutthemostessentialideasoftheworkofsomeoneelse.,II.Characteristicsofagoodsummary,Brief:omitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.(Length:1/4-1/3oftheoriginaltext.)Complete:toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyourownwordsinacondensedmanner.Accurate:togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes.Coherent:ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrases,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.Objective:tocontainonlytheideasorinformationoftheoriginal.Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.,III.Techniquesinsummarywriting,ParaphrasingToparaphrasemeanstocompletelyandcorrectlyexpressotherpeoplesideasinonesownwords.,Examples:,1.Itiseveryonesmostimportantdutytobringupafamily.(Perhapsthegreatestsocialservicethatcanberenderedbyanybodytothecountryandtomankindistobringupafamily.)2.Preventionisbetterthancure.(Itisbettertopreventsomethingunpleasantfromhappeningthantrytoputitrightafterwards.),Ithelpsusunderstandtheoriginalbetter.Ithelpsusgraspthecentralideaandthemainpoints.Ithelpsuswritesummariesthatarebriefandtothepoint,andinourownwords.,Theimportanceofparaphrasing,Readtheoriginalcarefullyandcomprehenditsmeaningwhollyandcorrectly.,Keyofparaphrasing,III.Techniquesinsummarywriting,GraspingthecentralideasTips:Determineitsstructure.Identifytheauthorspurposeinwriting.(Thiswillhelpyoutodistinguishbetweenmoreimportantandlessimportantinformation.)dividethepassageintosectionsorstagesofthought.,III.Techniquesinsummarywriting,WaysofcondensationUsesynonymsorsynonymousphrasesHehadagoodcommandofEnglish.HeknewEnglishwell.ChangethestructureofsimplesentencesMybrotherhasanappreciationofmodernart.Mybrotherappreciatesmodernart.,TurncomplexsentencesintosimplesentencesHereceivedawelcomethatwasascoldasice.Hereceivedanicywelcome.CombinethesentencesHurryup.Ifyoudont,youllmissthetrain.Hurryuporyoullmissthetrain.,CondenselongsentencesintoshortonesHiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.Hewasverybraveinbattle.Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.,usephrasetoreplacesentenceorclause,BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.,BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettertransportationservices.,UsegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificonesShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.,Simplifydialoguesbyusingthirdpersonandindirectspeech,KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:“Youusetoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paulitsnotgoodforyou!”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:”Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidnthavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawfullikeeatingcardboardorsandjustimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!”Katewaspatient.ShedidntwanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcauseshighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguisesthetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtlethansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”,KatesuggestedtoPaulthatheshouldeatlesssalt.ShethoughtthateatingtoomuchsaltwoulddohardtoPaulshealthandthatitcouldreducetherealtastesoffood.ButPauldisagreed.Hesaidthatfoodwithoutsaltwouldbetasteless.,IV.Howtowriteasummary?,1.NecessaryelementsforagoodsummaryPropercitationtitle,author,source,dateofpublicationandthetext(journalarticles)e.g.Thearticle“GoldandSilver,”byJoeLawrence,foundintheSeptember3,2002issueofNewsweekonpages29-32,Thesisstatementthetopicorgeneralsubjectmatterofthetext;theauthorsmajorassertion,comment,orpositiononthetopic,Supportingideasmajorsupportingideas;relationshipsamongtheseideas;nospecifics;theauthorspurposeinwriting;nopersonalopinions,ideas,andinferences.,Grammarandthestructureofwritingavoiddirectquotation;usetransitionalwordse.g.first,inthefirstpart,intheintroductorypartsecond,next,inthesecondpartthen,afterwards,afterthat,inadditiontothat,also,furthermorefinally,atlast,intheend,asaconclusion,onthewhole,inaword,tosumup,lastbutnotleast,asaresult,so,Stepsinwritingasummary,PreviewingtheworktitlesubtitlefirstandlastseveralparagraphsotheritemsReadingthearticlethoroughlyRereadingtheworkcarefullyTakingnotes,Stepsinwritingasummary,Writeone-sentencesummaries:Summarizeeachsectionofthought.Formulatethethesisstatement:Weavetheone-sentencesection-summariestogether.,Stepsinwritingasummary,WritethefirstdraftInthefirstsentenceortwo:TheauthorsnameThearticlesorchaptersnameTheauthorsthesisstatementTheauthorswritingpurposeThenthesummarysentencesofeachparagraphorsection.,Stepsinwritingasummary,Expressinyourownwords,toavoidplagiarism.Tipsforavoidingplagiarism:Tomakesurethatyoudontaccidentallyplagiarizesomething;readthearticleafewtimes,andmakesureyouunderstanditfully.Thenputthearticleaway.Writeasmuchasyoucantosummarizewhatyouremember.Thisway,youwillnotbetemptedtousetheauthorsoriginalwords.,Stepsinwritingasummary,Pointsforattention:Eliminateunnecessarywordsandrepetitions.Eliminatepersonalideasandinferences.Usetransitionsforasmoothandlogicalflowofideas.Concludewithasummingupsentence.,Stepsinwritingasummary,EditthedraftIsalltheimportantinformationinthesummary?AmIlistingthingsout?AmIsayingthesamethingoverandoveragain?HaveIleftoutmypersonalviewsandideas?Doesmysummaryhangtogether?Ismygrammar,punctuation,andspellingcorrect?Writethefinaldraft,Avoidthesemistakes:,Inaccurateorunrepresentativeinformation-Showsthatyoudontfullyunderstandthecontentsofthearticle.Toomuchinformation-Showsthaty