英文摘要怎么写ppt课件.ppt

1,SummaryWriting,ThesummaryQualitiesofasummaryProcessofsummarywritingSuggestionsonwritingsummaries,2,Whatisasummary?,Asummaryisashortversionofalongerpieceofwriting.Itsaboutone-thirdtoone-fourthaslongastheoriginalpassage.Itsavestime,spaceandenergybyproducinganreducedformofanarticleorotherlongdocument.,3,QualitiesofaSummary,Thequalitiesofasummaryareasfollows:,4,Objectivity:Noideathatisnottheauthorsshouldbeincludedinthesummary,andnoopinionofthesummarywritershouldbeinthesummary.Nojudgmentsarepermittedinasummary.,5,Completeness:Dependingontheassignment,thesummaryshouldcontaineverymainideainthearticle.Statingonlythefirstmainideaoronlyonemainideaanddetailstosupportitwillnotgivethereaderacompleteideaofwhatthearticlewasabout.,6,Balance:Givingequalattentiontoeachmainideaandstressingideasthattheauthorstresseswillresultinanaccuratesummary.,7,Afterfinishingwritingasummary,howdoyoujudgeorcheckit?Questionstojudgeavalidsummaryareasfollows:1)DidIincludealltheimportantideas?2)DidIomitallunnecessarywordsandphrases?3)Doesthesummaryreadsmoothly?4)Wouldareaderofmysummarywhohadnotreadthearticlegetaclearideaofthearticle?,8,Processofsummarywriting,Youshouldbearinmindthefollowingrequirements:.,9,yoursummaryshouldnotbelongerthanathirdoftheoriginalpassage;itShouldbefaithfultotheoriginal,withnochangeinfactsorviews,andnoimportantpointsleftout;anditshouldbewrittenincontinuousprose,notintheformofanoutline,10,Hereisasix-stepprocessforwritingsummaries:1.Selecttheessentialpointsfromeachsectionofthedocumentbyunderliningandnumberingthem.,11,2.Ignoreanyrepetitionorlists,12,3.Useimportantnamesortechnicaltermsfromtheoriginal.,13,4.Writeconcisenotesinbriefsentences,14,5.Checktheseagainstthedocumenttomakesureyouhaveincludedalltheessentialpoints.,15,6.Writethesummary,makingitacontinuousandconcisepieceofwritingthatusesparagraphingappropriately.,16,Sample1Whenhestoppedatavillage,themotoristwastoldthataqueenbeemustbehiddeninhiscarastherewerethousandsofbeesnearby.Onlearningthis,themanrealizedthattheonlywaytoescapewouldbetodriveawayasquicklyaspossible.,17,Afteranhoursharddriving,hearrivedinLondonwhereheparkedhiscaroutsideahotelandwentintohaveadrink.Itwasnotlongbeforeacustomer;whohadseenhimarrive,hurriedintoinformhimthathiscarwascoveredwithbees.Thepoormotoristtelephonedthepoliceandexplainedwhathadhappened.Thepolicedecidedthatthebestwaytodealwiththesituationwouldbetocallabee-keeper.,18,Inashorttime,thebeekeeperarrived.Hefoundtheunwelcomepassengerhiddennearthewheelsatthebackofthecar.Verygratefultothemotoristforthisunexpectedgift,thekeepertookthequeenandherthousandsoffollowershomeinalargebox.Equallygrateful,themotoristdroveawayinpeace,atlastfreefromthe“blackcloud”whichhadhungoverhiscar(192words),19,Makingalistofmainpoints:1.Drovequicklytoavoidbees2.ArrivedinLondon3.Parkedcarhoteldrink4.Customertoldhim:beescar5.Telephonedpolice,20,6.Sentbee-keeper7.Foundqueenbeenearwheels8.Tookherandbeeshomebox9.Droveaway.,21,Writingaroughdraft:,Becausehewantedtoescapethebees,thedriverdroveawayquickly.Afterhetraveledforsometime,thedriverarrivedinLondon.Afterhehadparkedhiscaroutsideahotelhewentintohaveadrink.Whenacustomertoldhimthathiscarwascoveredwithbees,thedrivertelephonedthepolice.Andthenthepoliceaskedforabee-keeper.Thebee-keeperfoundthequeenbeehiddennearthewheels.Sincethekeepertookthequeenandthebeeshomeinabox,thedriverdroveawayinpeace.(93words),22,Makingafaircopy:,Inordertoescapethebees,thedriverdroveawayquicklyandaftersometimearrivedinLondon.Parkinghiscaroutsideahotel,hewentintohaveadrink.Whenhewastoldthathiscarwascoveredwithbees,thedrivertelephonedthepolice.Abee-keeperwassentforandsoonfoundthequeenbeenearthewheels.Hetookthequeenandthebeeshomeinaboxandthedriverthendroveawayinpeace.(80words),23,SuggestionsonWritingSummaries,Therearemanywaystomakeasummarybriefandclear.Considerthefollowing:,24,Omittingthedetails.Onlytheimportantpointsshouldbeincludedinthesummary;allthedetailsthatexplainthemainpointscanbeleftout.,25,Simplifyingthedescriptions.Ifinthepassagetherearetensentencesdescribingapersonoranobject,itwillbeenoughtokeepjustoneortwointhesummary.,26,.Eliminatingallrepetitions.Sometimesastatementisrepeatedforemphasis.Thisisnotnecessaryinasummary,27,Usingphrasesinsteadofclausesorsentences.,28,Usinggeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords.,29,Usingtheshortestpossibletransitions.Forexample,but,then,thus,yet,andfor,canbeusedinplaceoflongertransitionssuchasatthesametime,ontheotherhand,etc.Oftenthesemicoloncantaketheplaceofatransitionalwordorphrase.,30,Avoidingfigurativelanguage.Inasummary,plainproseisrequired;unnecessaryfiguresofspeechshouldbeavoided.,31,Puttingthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech.Thisisadvisablebecauseindirectspeechcanbemadeverybriefwhileitisdifficulttoabridgedialogues.,32,Inshort,thesummarywriterhastoomitwhatisunnecessaryandabridgewhatshouldbereproduced.Suppressionandcompression,therefore,aretwomostusefultools.,33,Reducingtheexamples.Outoffiveorsixexamplesgivenintheoriginalpassage,oneortwomaybechosenforthesummary;therestareomitted.,34,Abstract,AbstractTypesofAbstractsSuggestionsonwritingabstractsUsefulexpressions,35,Anabstractisabriefsection-rarelymorethansixoreightlineslongthepurposeofwhichistotellthereaderwhatpointsarecoveredinsomepieceofwritingwithoutattemptingtotellhimwhatissaidaboutthem.,36,TypesofAbstracts,DescriptiveAbstractsInformativeAbstracts,37,Suggestionsonwritingabstracts,Anabstractconsistsofthreeparts:purpose,result/conclusion,andrecommendation.Thepresenttense,thepasttenseandthepresentperfecttenseareoftenusedinwritinganabstract.Alsothethirdpersonshouldbeusedinwritinganabstract.,38,Sample,ThispaperdealswiththeEnglishsyllabusforgraduatestudentsinChina.ThepaperfirstreviewsthehistoryofthegraduateEnglishteaching,thendiscussestheshortcomingsinthesyllabusandfinallyproposessomesuggestionsforitsrevision.,39,Usefulexpressions:1.Thepurposeofthispaperistoexplorethetheoryof.2.Onthebasisofexperiments,thispaperhasprovedthetheoryof.3.Thispaperfirstpresentsthearchitectualtheoriesofthe1960s4.Thispaperdiscussesthetheoryof5.Inaccordancewiththeoutcomeofexperiments,thispaperp