高考英语阅读理解-词义猜测题解题技巧

阅读理解专题（2）,-猜测词义,猜测词义题：词义猜测能力是英语高考阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是历年高考中的必考题型，主要考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。而且，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。,考纲解读,命题角度,要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。,词义猜测题常用的提问方式有：1.Theword“”refersto/probablymeans/couldbestbereplacedby_.2.Theword“”ismostlikelytomean_.3.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“”standsfor?4.Theunderlinedword“”means_.,设问方式,应答技巧？,1.Definition定义法,3.Similarity相似法,2.Contrast对比法,4.Causeandeffect因果法,5.Example例举法,8.CommonSense普通常识,6.WordFormation构词法,猜测词义,7.Context上下文,Itwillbeveryhardbutverybrittlethatis,itwillbreakeasily.,1.Definition定义法：一般通过定义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。常用逗号，破折号，冒号等。,(adj.易碎的,脆的),Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.,(n.牧羊人),2.Contrast对比法：利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。表示对比的词有but、while、however、otherwise等。,Mostofusagreed,however,Billdissented.,Sheisusuallypromptforallherclasses,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.,A.ontimeB.lateC.slowlyD.quickly,A,(v.不同意),3.Similarity相似法：利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义。,Cleaningupwaterwaysisanenormoustask.Thejobissolarge,infact,thatthegovernmentmaynotbeabletosavesomeoftheriversandlakeswhichhavebeenpolluted.,(adj.巨大的;极大的),4.CauseEffect因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。,Onewhoisdestitutehasagreatneedforfoodandclothing.,Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday.,(adj.贫穷的,穷困的),(adj.大的),5.Example例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有forinstance,forexample,suchas等。,Todayyoungcouplesoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances,forinstance,washingmachines,refrigeratorsandcolortelevisions.,(n.电器用具),6.WordFormation构词法：英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。,中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super-(超)mini-(极小的,微小的)micro-（极微小的）re-（再，反复）mis-（误，恶）im-（不）un-（不，非）in-（不，非）non-（不，非）-able（能的）-less（不，无）-wards(向),supermanmicrowave(超人)nonnaturalmispronouce(非自然的)homelessnonsmoker(无家可归的)rebuildeastwards(重建),Canyouguesstherightmeanings?,(微波),(非烟民),(发错音),(向东),Eg.Imgoingtobuyamicrobus.,micro+bus微型公共汽车,7.Context上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。利用重述作为上下文猜词的线索。当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他的意思时，他会用另外一种方式陈述自己的观点。常见的用来表示重述的词或短语有：,toputitanotherway换句话说,or.即，或者说,thatis也就是说,thatistosay也就是说,inotherwords换句话说,A,(n.猫头鹰),A,(n.猿),Insomecountrieswherethereisverylittlerain,thefarmershavetoirrigate,orwater,theirfields.逗号后的orwater给出了irrigate的准确含义，即“灌溉”的意思。Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.逗号后的alargebuildinginoldtimes同位语部分重述castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。Weareonthenightshiftfrommidnightto8a.m.thisweek.两个破折号之间的短语重述了nightshift的含义，很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。,根据上下文指代关系猜测代词,文章中的代词it,that,this,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。,LikeSchmid,theeditorsofseveralself-publishedartmagazinesalsochampion(捍卫)foundphotographs.Oneofthem,calledsimplyFound,wasbornonesnowynightinChicagothem指的是前面出现的self-publishedartmagazinesHowever,thequestionthat“moonpeople”askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.it指的是月球人(moonpeople)所问的问题（thequestion）。,8.Commonsense普通常识：根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义。,在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。,Whenadoctorperformsanoperationonapatient，heusuallygivesananesthetictomakehimunconscious，becausehedoesnotwanthispatienttofeelpainortoknowwhatishappeningtohim.,n.麻醉剂(药),ItssaidthatBillGatesisthemostaffluentpersonintheworld.说明：根据常识，BillGates为世界首富，所以affluent可能是“富有的”。Asascientist,Edisonisveryfamousforhiscontrivances.说明：根据常识，Edison为发明大王，他应因“发明物”而闻名于世。,Inquiry-basedActivities(I)探究活动(1),Canyouguessthecorrectmeaningsofthefollowingwords?-1.Therearesomeglaciersmovingdownthemountainvalleys.Aglacierisariverofice.A.雪山B.树枝C.冰河D.冰2.Heisaresoluteman.Oncehemadeuphismindtodosomething,hewontgiveituphalfway.A.weakB.firmC.kindD.clever3.Mr.BrownisnowworkingatPrincetonUniversityfarawayfromhome.Forthisreasonhehastorentaroomneartheofficewhereheworks.A.租用B.借出C.购买D.参观,C,A,B,4.Theofficialaskedthemanwhathisoccupationwas.Themantoldhimthatheworkedasanengineer.A.workB.studyC.nameD.interest5.Theoldwomanhasastrangehabittokeepover100catsinherhouse.Herneighborallcallheraneccentriclady.A.爱猫的B.古怪的C.闲不住D.动物保护主义者6.Inmanycountriestherearetwofinancialextremes,frompenurytogreatwealth.A.便士B.温饱C.非常贫困D.虚弱,A,B,C,7.Mrs.Smithisloquaciouswhileherhusbandisthesilenttype.A.活泼的B.好动的C.多嘴多舌的D.可爱的8.Thosenewcomerswerenotusedtothelifeinthesuburbswhichwassodifferentfromthatinsidethecity.A.townB.capitalC.countrysideD.house9.Thisboyisnotstupid,onthecontrary,noonecouldbemoreintelligent.A.勤奋的B.愚蠢的C.聪明的D.情报,C,C,C,10.Childrenarealwaysboasting.Theysaythingslike“MyDadscarisbiggerthanyourDads,”“MyMomissmarterthanyours.”and“Myfamilyhasmoremoneythanyours.”Theword“boasting”means_.A.骄傲B.吹牛C.顽皮D.幼稚,B,Inquiry-basedActivities(II)探究活动(2),Passage1(NMET2002,E篇)Achildsbirthdaypartydoesnthavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.74.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordhassleprobablymean?A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests,解析:对比法由前句的否定doesnt与后句的肯定canbe这一对比关系，可以推断出,hassle的意思应该与fun相反,而与difficulty,trouble等相近。故答案为C。,Passage2Amanspositionamongtheblack-tentpeopledependsonhisancestors,relatives,andfellowtribesmen.Iftheyarehonored,heisalsohonored.Iftheyaredisgraced,hetooisdisgraced.Thereforeonecarefullyguardsthehonorofhisfamily,hislineage(宗系),andhistribe.Theword“disgrace”means_inthistext.A.honorB.endangerC.proudD.shame,D,Passage3Therulerhadbeensocruelanddishonestthataftertherevolutionhewasbanished.AfewmembersoftheSenate(参议院)opposedthisdecision,butthemajorityvotedthattherulershouldleavethecountryforever.Theunderlinedword“banished”mean_.A.killedbystoningB.sentawayC.imprisonedD.punishedbywhipping,B,Passage4Althoughheoftenhadthechance,Mr.Brownwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.Theword“jeopardize”means_inthistext.A.protectB.endangerC.continueD.stop,B,Passage5Afterafour-yearrelationshipwithamajorfortune100companybeginningasasalestraineeandendingasaregionalsalesmanager,Ileftthecompanyattheheightofmycareer.ManypeoplewereastoundedthatIwouldleaveafterearningasix-figureincome.AndtheyaskedwhyIwouldriskeverythingforadream.Theunderlinedword“astounded”means_.A.verysadB.verysorryC.verypleasedD.greatlysurprised,D,Passage6(NMET2004全国，广东卷)Whensomekindofpainkillerwasbroughtoutrecently,researchersfoundthatthecolorsturnedthecustomersoffbecausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective.Eventually,itcameonthemarketinadarkblueandwhitepackage-bluebecausewethinkofitassafe,andwhiteascalm.,Theunderlinedpart“thecolorsturnedthecustomersoff”(inPara.3)meansthatthecolors_.hadweakeffectsonthecustomersB.trickedthecustomersintoshoppingC.causedthecustomerstoloseinterestD.attractedthecustomersstrongly,通过因果法可知答案为C,Passage7(NMET2003,C篇,65)FermatsLastTheorem(定理).FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodres