阅读《主旨大意》.ppt

高三英语阅读理解专题之主旨大意类,2015年湖北高考英语考试说明对阅读理解的要求,要求考生读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：、理解主旨和要义；、理解文中具体信息；、根据上下文推断生词的词义；、作出简单判断和推理；、理解文章的基本结构；、理解作者的意图、观点和态度。,20112014年阅读理解试题分类情况,阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类,主旨题,标题类title,文章/段落主题subject/theme/topic,写作目的purpose,主旨题的考查类型及提问形式,1.主题大意类常见的题干形式：1)Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsus_.2)Thispassagechieflydealswith_.3)Whatismainlydiscussedinthepassage?4)Themainpointofthepassageis_?5)Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthepassage?6）Whatisthethemeofthestory?7)Whatsthetopicofthearticle?8)Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?,标题类常见的题干形式：8)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_.9)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled_.10)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?11)Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?3.写作目的选择类常见的题干形式：12)Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?13)Theauthorwritesthispassageinorderto_.14)Thepassageismeantto_,寻找主题句2.寻找高频词3.排除干扰项,主旨大意题解题技巧,主旨大意题解题技巧,【技巧一：主题句】,主题句(topicsentence）反映整个段落中心思想的句子叫主题句。主题句是全段的核心，统领全段，并且决定着全段的发展方向。,一、1）文首找主题句2）文尾找主题句3）文中找主题句4）首尾呼应展现主题句,瞻前顾后归纳大意5）首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨.二、特别关注文中出现的连接词（转折but/however，infact,actually;因果so/therefore，或一些常见但在文章中间出现有一定目的的词thestudyshowsthat,forexample,总结或结论的话常有thus,inshort,toconclude,inconclusion),因为这些词后面所阐述的往往就是主题句。,寻找主题句的方法,Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaventeatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast-foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.,（1）主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.,（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。,Theofficehasalwaysbeenaplacetogetahead.Unfortunately,itisalsoaplacewherealotofnaturalresourcesstarttofallbehind.Takealookaroundnexttimeyoureatwork.Seehowmanylightsareleftonwhenpeopleleave.Seehowmuchpaperisbeingwasted.Howmuchelectricityisbeingusedtoruncomputersthatarelefton?Lookathowmuchwaterisbeingwastedintherestrooms.Andhowmuchsolidwasteisbeingthrownoutintherubbishcans.Webetitsalot.,(3)当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前一部分说明问题的一方面，导向主题句；后一部分从主题句出发，继续阐述问题的另一方面。而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.,主旨大意题解题技巧,【技巧二：寻找高频词】,任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。,P1:WhenPengLiyuan.elegantfirstlady.ThereporterreleasedthesecretMaKe.P2:PengLiyuanhasbeenwearingMaKesdesignsformorethanadecade,.P3:Evenso,Maprefersalow-keyapproach.P4:MasrelationshipwithPengbegan.P5:Thetwonaturallybecamefriends.Masays:“Thepaintingreflectsthepainter,andclothes.(2014,辽宁模拟）,41.Thepassagemainlydiscusses_.A.thedesignerofthefirstladyPengLiyuansdress,MaKeB.thefriendshipbetweenPengLiyuanandherdesignerC.PengLiyuansclothesonherfirststatevisitD.thereactionstoPengLiyuansfirstvisittoMoscow,主旨大意题解题技巧,【技巧三：排除干扰项】,推敲选项的6个小窍门：1.正确选项一般不出现细节信息；2.正确选项一般不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词；3.正确选项一般含有抽象名词或概括性词语。4.概括全面、范围一致、说明道理的选项一般是正确答案。5.四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案。,干扰项具有如下五个特点：1.以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。2.断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。3.主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。4.张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。5.无中生有，似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好似在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。,2011广东卷Intheanimalkingdom,weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme,.Frommywheelchairexperience,Iseethebestinpeople,but.Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedontfeelthatway.Butthoseareandfarbetween.Moreoften,itwouldbebetterifwedontpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared,主题句,主题句,30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.awheelchairExperience.B.WeaknessandKindness.C.WeaknessandStrengthD.ADrivingExperience,“Haveaniceday!”maybeapleasantgestureorameaninglessexpression.“Haveaniceday.Next!”Thisversionoftheexpressionisspokenbyasalesgirlatthesupermarket.Theexpressionisoneofthosebehaviorsthathelppeoplegetalongwitheachother.Oh,youjusthadatoothout?Imterriblysorry,buthaveaniceday.”Theexpressioncanbepleasant.Ifastrangersays“Haveaniceday”toyou,.Althoughtheuseoftheexpressionisaninsincere,meaninglesssocialcustomattimes,thereisnothingwrongwiththesentenceexceptthatitisalittleuninteresting.Thesalesgirl,thewaitress,theteacher,andallthecountlessotherswhospeakitwithoutthinkingmaynotreallycareaboutmyday.Butinastrangeandcomfortableway,itsnicetoknowtheycareenoughtopretendtheycarewhentheyreallydontcareallthatmuch.Whiletheexpressionmaynotoftenbesincere,itisalwaysspoken.Thepointisthatpeoplesayitallthetimewhentheylike.,主题句,30.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.HaveaNiceDayaSocialCustomB.HaveaNiceDayaPleasantGestureC.HaveaNiceDayaHeart-warmingGreetingD.HaveaNiceDayaPoliteEndingofaConversation,（2013）Imaginationandfantasycanplayanimportantroleinachievingthethingswefear.Childrenknowthisverywell.FredEpsteincamethroughseveraloperationsandalotofpainbymasteringhisimagination.Thepowerofimaginationneednotbereservedforchildrenonly;weallhavethepowertouseourfantasiestoattemptthingsweneverthoughtpossible,togothroughthosethingsthatseemimpossible,andtoachievewhatweneverbelievedwecould.JustasDr.Epsteinputsit,“Ifyoucandreamit,youcandoit.”Itdoesntmeanthatyoushoulddressasasuperheroforyournextjobinterview.But,nexttimeyouaretestedinawaythatseemsimpossible,imaginewhatitwouldtaketoovercomeit.Becomethepersonyouneedtobecometowinoveryourchallengeanddoitinyourmindfirst.So,letyourimaginationrunwild,anddaretodream.,主题句,主题句,30.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Totellusaninterestingstory.B.Tohelpusmakerightdecisions.C.Toadviseustocareaboutchildren.D.Toencourageustouseourimagination.,2011Somepeoplethinkthatsuccessisonlyforthosewithtalentorthosewhogrowupintherightfamily,andothersbelievethatsuccessmostlycomesdowntoluck.Imnotgoingtosayluck,talent,andcircumstancesdontcomeintoplaybecausetheydo.Somepeoplearebornintotherightfamilywhileothersarebornwithgreatintelligence,andthatsjusttherealityofhowlifeis.,31.Paragraph1mainlytalksabout_.A.thereasonsforsuccessB.themeaningofsuccessC.thestandardsofsuccessD.theimportanceofsuccess,2011However,tosucceedinlife,onefirstneedstosetagoalandthengraduallymakeitmorepractical.And,inadditiontothat,inordertogerreallygoodatsomething,oneneedstospendatleast10,000hoursstudyingandpracticing.Tobecomegreatatcertainthings,itllrequireevenmoretime,timethatmostpeoplewontputin.Thisisabigreasonwhymanysuccessfulpeopleadviseyoutodosomethingyoulove.Whenyouseepe