Face-threatening-Acts总.ppt

2020/5/22,1,StrategiesforDoingFace-ThreateningActsinEnglish,2020/5/22,2,StructureDefinitionofface-threateningactsBrownandLevinsonspolitenesstheoryStrategiesfordoingface-threateningactschoiceofstrategy,2020/5/22,3,WhatisFace-threateningActs?,Definition1:Faceisthepublicselfimagethateveryadulttriestoproject.Definition2:Afacethreateningact(FTA)isanactthatinherentlydamagesthefaceofthespeakerbyactingagainstthewantsanddesiresoftheother.Definition3:Positivefaceisthewantofeverymemberthathiswantsbedesirabletoatleastsomeothers.-self-esteem.Negativefaceisthewantofeverycapableadultthathisactionsbeunimpeded(畅通无阻的）byothers.-freedomtoact.,2020/5/22,4,WhyWeDiscussFTAs?,AccordingtoBrownandLevinson,positiveandnegativefaceexistuniversallyinhumanculture.Insocialinteractions,face-threateningacts(FTAs)areattimesinevitablebasedonthetermsoftheconversation.PositiveFacereferstoonesself-esteem,whilenegativefacereferstoonesfreedomtoact.Thetwoaspectsoffacearethebasicwantsinanysocialinteraction,andsoduringanysocialinteraction,cooperationisneededamongsttheparticipantstomaintaineachothersfaces.,2020/5/22,5,TheTypesofFace-threateningActs,AccordingtoBrownandLevinson,adistinctioncanbemadebetween(i)FTAswhichthreatenpositivefaceandnegativeface;(ii)FTAswhichthreatenthehearersfaceandthespeakersface.,2020/5/22,6,TheDamageofFace-threateningActs,NegativeFaceThreateningActs:Negativefaceisthreatenedwhenanindividualdoesnotavoidorintendtoavoidtheobstruction(阻碍）oftheirinterlocutors(对话者）freedomofaction.DamagetotheHearer:Anactthataffirmsordeniesafutureactofthehearercreatespressureonthehearertoeitherperformornotperformtheact.Examples:orders,requests,suggestions,advice,remindings,threats,orwarnings.Anactthatexpressesthespeakerssentimentsofthehearerorthehearersbelongings.Examples:compliments,expressionsofenvyoradmiration,orexpressionsofstrongnegativeemotiontowardthehearer(e.g.hatred,anger,lust).Anactthatexpressessomepositivefutureactofthespeakertowardthehearer.Indoingso,pressurehasbeenputonthehearertoacceptorrejecttheactandpossiblyincuradebt.Examples:offers,andpromises.,2020/5/22,7,DamagetotheSpeakerAnactthatshowsthatthespeakerissuccumbingto（屈服于）thepowerofthehearer.Example:ExpressingthanksAcceptingathankyouorapologyExcusesAcceptanceofoffersAresponsetothehearersviolationofsocialetiquette（违反社交礼节）Thespeakercommitshimselftosomethingheorshedoesnotwanttodo,TheDamageofFace-threateningActs,2020/5/22,8,TheDamageofFace-threateningActs,PositiveFaceThreateningActs:Positivefaceisthreatenedwhenthespeakerorhearerdoesnotcareabouttheirinteractorsfeelings,wants,ordoesnotwantwhattheotherwants.DamagetotheHearerAnactthatexpressesthespeakersnegativeassessmentofthehearerspositiveface.Examples:expressionsofdisapproval,disagreements,orchallenges.Anactthatexpressesthespeakersindifferencetowardtheaddresseespositiveface.Theaddresseemightbeembarrassedforthespeaker.Examples:excessivelyemotionalexpressions.ThespeakerindicatesthathedoesnthavethesamevaluesorfearsasthehearerExamples:disrespect,mentionoftopicswhichareinappropriateingeneralorinthecontext.Thespeakerincreasesthepossibilitythataface-threateningactwilloccur.Thissituationiscreatedwhenatopicisbroughtupbythespeakerthatisasensitivesocietalsubject.Examples:topicsthatrelatetopolitics,race,religion.,2020/5/22,9,DamagetotheSpeakerAnactthatshowsthatinsomesensethespeakeriswrongandunabletocontrolhimself.Example:Apologies:Inthisact,speakerisdamaginghisownfacebyadmittingthatheregretsoneofhispreviousacts.AcceptanceofacomplimentInabilitytocontrolonesphysicalselfInabilitytocontrolonesemotionalselfSelf-humiliationConfessions,TheDamageofFace-threateningActs,2020/5/22,10,BrownandLevinsonspolitenesstheorywasoriginallypublishedin1978.,Twoparts,theirfundamentaltheoryconcerningthenatureofpolitenessandhowitfunctionsininteraction,alistofpolitenessstrategieswithexamplesfromthreelanguages:English,Tzeltal,andTamil.,BrownandLevinsonspolitenesstheory,2020/5/22,11,theoreticalpart,thenotionoffaceinordertoillustratepolitenessinthebroadsense,definepositivefaceasthepositiveandconsistentimagepeoplehaveofthemselves,andtheirdesireforapproval,negativefaceis“thebasicclaimtoterritories,personalpreserves,andrightstonon-distraction”,2020/5/22,12,Positivepoliteness,byindicatingsimilaritiesamongstinteractors,byexpressinganappreciationoftheinterlocutorsself-image,Negativepoliteness,bysavingtheinterlocutorsface(eithernegativeorpositive)bymitigatingfacethreateningacts(hereafterFTA),suchasadvice-givinganddisapproval,bysatisfyingnegativefacebyindicatingrespectfortheaddresseesrightnottobeimposedon.,2020/5/22,13,？shortcomings,ignorethefactthatmostsingleutterancesareactuallyjustconstituentofalargerexchangebetweentwoormoreinteractors.,theypaynoattentiontophenomenawhichoccuracrosstheentirediscourse,suchasback-channelingortheoverallsequenceofutterances,theyignoreanyinteraction,suchassimplyenjoyingacasualconversation,whichdoesnotinvolveapredeterminedgoal,2020/5/22,14,PossiblestrategiesfordoingFTA,DotheFTA,onrecord,offrecord,withoutrepressiveaction,baldly,withrepressiveaction,positivepoliteness,negativepoliteness,DontdotheFTA,2020/5/22,15,PolitenessStrategies,Strategiesfordoingface-threateningacts,2020/5/22,16,DefinitionTheyareusedtoformulatemessagesinordertosavethehearersorspeakersfacewhenface-threateningactsareinevitableordesired.,Beingpoliteis“Abatteryofsocialskillstoensureeveryonefeelsaffirmedinasocialinteraction.,PolitenessStrategies,2020/5/22,17,Fourmaintypesofpolitenessstrategies:Baldon-record,Negativepoliteness,Positivepoliteness,andOff-record(indirect).,2020/5/22,18,BaldOn-recordDefinitionBaldon-recordstrategiesusuallydonotattempttominimizethethreattothehearersface,althoughtherearewaysthatbaldon-recordpolitenesscanbeusedintryingtominimzeFTAsimplicitly.Oftenusingsuchastrategywillshockorembarrasstheaddressee,andsothisstrategyismostoftenutilizedinsituationswherethespeakerhasacloserelationshipwiththeaudience,suchasfamilyorclosefriends.DifferentsituationsandexamplesInstancesinwhichthreatminimizingdoesnotoccurGreaturgencyordesperatione.g.Watchout!,2020/5/22,19,Speakingasifgreatefficiencyisnecessarye.g.Hearmeout:.Task-orientede.g.Passmethehammer.Littleornodesiretomaintainsomeonesfacee.g.Dontforgettocleantheblinds!DoingtheFTAisintheinterestofthehearere.g.Yourheadlightsareon!Instancesinwhichthethreatisminimizedimplicitlye.g.WelcomesComein.Offerse.g.Leaveit,Illcleanuplater.Eat!,2020/5/22,20,PositivePolitenessDefinitionPositivepolitenessstrategiesseektominimizethethreattothehearerspositiveface.Theyareusedtomakethehearerfeelgoodabouthimself,hisinterestsorpossessions,andaremostusuallyusedinsituationswheretheaudienceknowseachotherfairlywell.Inadditiontohedgingandattemptstoavoidconflict,somestrategiesofpositivepolitenessincludestatementsoffriendship,solidarity,compliments,DifferentsituationsandexamplesAttendtoHsinterests,needs,wantse.g.Youlooksad.CanIdoanything?Usesolidarityin-groupidentitymarkerse.g.Heh,mate,canyoulendmeadollar?,2020/5/22,21,Beoptimistice.g.Illjustcomealong,ifyoudontmind.Includebothspeaker(S)andhearer(H)inactivitye.g.Ifwehelpeachother,Iguess,wellbothsinkorswiminthiscourse.Offerorpromisee.g.Ifyouwashthedishes,Illvacuumthefloor.ExaggerateinterestinHandhisinterestse.g.Thatsanicehaircutyougot;wheredidyougetit?AvoidDisagreemente.g.Yes,itsratherlong;notshortcertainly.Jokee.g.Wow,thatsawhopper!,2020/5/22,22,NegativePolitenessDefinitionNegativepolitenessstrategiesareorientedtowardsthehearersnegativefaceandemphasizeavoidanceofimpositiononthehearer.Thesestrategiespresumethatthespeakerwillbeimposingonthelistenerandthereisahigherpotentialforawkwardnessorembarrassmentthaninbaldonrecordstrategiesandpositivepolitenessstrategies.Negativefaceisthedesiretoremainautonomoussothespeakerismoreapttoincludeanoutforthelistener,throughdistancingstyleslikeapologies.DifferentsituationsandexamplesBeindirecte.g.WouldyouknowwhereOxfordStreetis?,2020/5/22,23,.Usehedgesorquestionse.g.Perhaps,hemighthavetakenit,maybe.Couldyoupleasepasstherice?Bepessimistice.g.Youcouldntfindyourwaytolendingme1000dollars,couldyou?Minimizetheimpositione.g.Itsnottoomuchoutofyourway,justacoupleofblocks.Useobviatingstructures,likenominalizations,passives,orstatementsofgeneralrulese.g.Visitorssigntheledger.SpittingwillnotbetoleratedUsepluralpronounse.g.Weregrettoinformyou.,2020/5/22,24,Favorseeking,oraspeakeraskingthehearerforafavor,isacommonexampleofnegativepolitenessstrategiesinuse.Threemainstages:Thepreparatoryphaseiswhenthefavor-seekingisprecededbyelaborateprecautionsagainstlossoffacetobothsides.,Favorseeking,Apologizee.g.Imsorry;itsalottoask,butcanyoulendmeathousanddollars?,Itofteninvolvessignalsofopeningsandmarkerstobeusedtoclarifythesituation(e.g.Yousee,orso,).Therequestisoftensoftened,madelessdirect,andimposing(e.g.pastcontinuousIwaswondering;informaltagWhatdyoureckon?).Thespeakermustalsoreducehisownself-importanceinthematterandexaggeratethehearers(down-scalingcompliments).,2020/5/22,25,Thefocalstageissubdividedintoelementssuchasaskersreasonsorconstraints(e.g.Ivetriedeverywherebutcantgetone),theothersface(e.g.YouretheonlypersonIcanturnto),andmore.Thethirdstageisthefinalstagewhichconsistsofanticipatorythanks,promises,andcompliments(e.g.Iknewyouwouldsayyes.Youreanangel.).,Favorseeking,2020/5/22,26,Allofthisisdoneinattempttoavoidagreatdealofimpositiononthehearerandisconcernedwithproceedingtowardsagoalinthesmoothestwayandwithsensitivitytoonesinterlocutors.AnEnglish(Excuseme,sir,couldyoupleaseclosethewindow)isassociatedwiththeavoidanceordownplayingofanimposition;themorewefeelwemightbeimposing,themoredeferentialwemightbe.Itisclearlyastrategyfornegativepolitenessandtheredressingofathreattonegativeface,throughthingslikefavor-seeking.,Favorseeking,2020/5/22,27