跨文化 Intercultural Conflict Management-ppt.ppt

InterculturalConflictManagementTeamMembers:ZhouHaoliangYangQiqiFanLijie,C.DeterminantFactorsofConflicts1.Face6.Power2.Interrelation7.Credibility3.Favor8.Interest4.Seniority9.Severityoftheconflict5.Status10.Gender,1.Face（面子）Theprojectedimageofapersonsselfinarelationshipnetwork.Positive-facecommentsandnegative-facecomments.e.g.Chinesepeopleand“face”.Mencantlivewithoutface,treescantlivewithoutbark.Afamilysugliness(misfortune)shouldneverbepubliclyaired.,2.Interrelation（相互关系）Therelationshipbetweentwoparties(WaggenspackandHensley,1989)Conflictmorelikelytobepursuedwithstrangersthanwithfriends(Leung,1988).Interrelationatooltoavoidconflicts,asocialresourceforsolvingconflictsandpotentialpowerinpersuasion,influence,andcontrol(Chung,1991)Anyexamples?,3.Favor(关照)Aphysicalorpsychologicalresourceasagiftintheprocessofsocialexchange(Hwang,1987).在社会交换过程中个人可作为礼物给予他人的物质和心理资源。Socialexchangetheoristsbelievesthatweinitiate,maintain,terminaterelationshipsonthebasisofrewardsandcosts.Theruleoffavorbasedonnormofreciprocity,orfavorforfavor.Relationshiptieswillbrokenwhenrulesnotfollowed(Wen,1988).e.g.Toreturnafavorforfavor.以德报德。Oneforall，allforone.我为人人，人人为我。,4.Seniority（资历）ComparedtoWesternsociety,seniorityplaysamoreimportantroleinthesocialinteractionofEastAsiansociety.e.g.Theworldisyours,aswellasours,butinthelastanalysis,itsuptousthatwhetheritisyoursornot.(世界是你们的，也是我们的。但是归根结底是不是你们的，还要看我们的。),5.Power(权利)Thecontrolbyonepartyofresourcesvaluedbyanotherparty.Differentemphasisofpowerresourcesindifferentcultures:e.g.American-materialresources;Japaneseseniority;Chinese-adominantwaytorequireforeignerstonegotiate,6.Status（地位）-powerrelatedconceptsStatusreferstorelativepositionswithrespecttoincome,prestige,andpower(Knupfer,1969).Statusstronglyaffectstypesandamountofcommunication(Lippittetal,1952).,7.Credibility（可信度）Thedegreeoftrustonepersonhasforanother(ChenLeung,1988).,e.g.AsChinasrises,WashingtonhasalastclearchancetoavoidtheloomingSino-Americanconflict.ThiswouldentailmakingrealconcessionsonTaiwanandonChinasterritorialclaimsintheEastandSouthChinaSeas.ItwouldalsoinvolveacommitmentthatWashingtonwouldnotinterfereinChinasinternalaffairs.IftheUSwantstoavoidafutureconflictwithChina,itcannotallowliberalideologytoobstructareconciliationwithanevermorepowerfulChina.(FromBBCnews),10.Gender（性别）Manandwomanhandleconflictsdifferently(KobergandChusmir,1989;Nicotera,1995)Becausethestatusofmanandwomandiffersfromonesocietytoanother,genderisamajorfactorthatinfluencespeoplesdecisionsinaconflictsituation(Chen,1988;Kohls,1984).,RankOrderoftheTenFactors,Culturalcontextsaffecthowpersonsapproachormanageconflicts(ChenSavetheopponentsface(e.g.,usinggo-betweens,informalconsultation,etc.);Givefacetoopponents;Avoidtoomuchverbalexpression,andlearntoreadimplicitandnonverbalmessages;Beempathic(bylisteningattentively,respect,etc.);Learntousetheindirectcommunicationstyle;Trytobepatient,andmaintainaharmoniousatmosphereandmutualdignity.,Ting-ToomeysSuggestion(1994)forCollectivisticCulturesUnderstandtheconflictassumptionoflow-contextculture;Learntoaccepttheindividualisticstyleofmanagingconflict(opinionsopenanddirect,issue-focused);Defendrightofspeakingupontheissue,andlearntoreasonsystematicallyandlogically;DevelopthesenseofindividualresponsibilityanduseIstatementsinconflictmanagement;Developtheabilityofverbalfeedbackandlisteningskillstoclarifybothpartiespointsofview;Avoidtheoccurrenceoftoomanysilentmoments,andclearl