debate-英语辩论-非常实用哟.ppt

EnglishForDebate,WhatisaDebate?,Adebateisaformofargument.Itcontainstwoteamsarguingoppositesidesofa“proposition”inanorderlymanner,followingtheagreeduponrules.Theteamthatagreeswiththetopiciscalledtheaffirmativeandtheteamthatdisagreeswiththetopiciscalledthenegative.Teamsarguetheirpropositionusingreasoningandevidence.,TheBenefitsofaDebate,developpositiveattitudestowardtheintellectualexchangeofideasdevelopaninterestintheinvestigationofissuesandproblemsbecomemoreadeptatdevelopingandputtingforwardideaslearntothinkquicklylearntoworkasateamdevelopleadershipskillsdevelopspeakingandlisteningskills.,Tobeagooddebater,youneed,theconfidencetospeakinpublic.theabilitytopresentanargumentpersuasively.thevisiontounderstandthattherearetwosidestomostarguments.therespectforothers,toletthemhavetheirsay.thesenseoftiming,toprioritizeyourmaterialandspeakinagiventimeperiod.,thestructuretoorderyourthoughts,tointroduce,developandsummarizeyourpoints.thegeneralandspecificknowledgeofmanycurrentaffairstopics,learntthroughresearchanddebate.theflexibilitytoreactquicklytonewideas,andtoremainunflusteredincrises.,Preparingforadebate,youshouldlearn,tousealibrary,andtofindtheexactinformationyouneedintheshortestpossibletime.tobethoroughandaccurate.toanalyze,todistinguishbetweenthevitalandtheunimportant.tolearntheneedofprovingyourstatements;ofsupportingeverystatementwithvalidevidenceandsoundreasoning,todemandthesamesortofproofforthestatementsofothers.topresentideasinaclearandeffectivemanner,andinaway,whichwinsotherstoyourwayofthinking.tothinkunderpressure,to“usehishead”inatimeofneed,tomakedecisionsquicklyandaccurately.,HowtoConstructEffectiveArguments,Language,AccuratepronunciationArticulationDiversepaceandpitchVocabulary.Avoidspeakingtooquickly.Trytoavoidbeingtoonervous,Content,Contentcanbedividedintoargumentsandsupportingmaterials.,Anargumentisastatement“Thetopicistrueorfalse(dependingonwhichsideyouareon)becauseofx”,wheretheargumentfillsinforthex.Forexampleinthetopic“Thatthezoosshouldbeclosed”anargumentmaybe:“thezoosshouldbeclosedbecausetheyconfinetheanimalsinanunnaturalenvironment”.,Themostimportantaspectofdebatingisthatassertionsmustbejustified.Noonecanbeconvincedorpersuadedofanythingiftheyaregivennoreasonfordoingso.Thatistosayyoushouldusematerialstosupportyourarguments.,Supportingmaterialscanbeexamples.Yourargumentscanalsobebackedupwithothersupportingmaterials,likereasons,statistics,andevenwithanecdotes,idioms,proverbs,quotationsandanalogies.,Delivery,CuecardsDonotwriteoutallyourspeechoncuecards.Debatingisanexerciseinlivelyinteractionbetweentwoteamsandbetweentheaudiences,notinreadingaspeech.Theaudiencecantellwhenyouarereading.Usecuecardsthesamewayyouwoulduseaprompt(提示词）inaplay.Theyarethereforreferenceifyouloseyourspot.,EyecontactVoiceBodylanguage,Remember,Confidenceisvitalindebate.Yourpresentation,speech,andappearancematteralmostasmuchasyourdeliveryandyourcontent.,So,DressappropriatelyHavenotesprepared.Youdonotwantyourdebatetobeanoralpresentationofawrittenessay.Practicespeakingaloudinfrontofamirrorandtheninfrontofotherpeople.,Refutearguments,Refutationistheprocessofprovingthatanargumentoraseriesofarguments,ortheconclusionsdrawnfromthatargumentorarguments,isfalse,erroneous,oratleastdoubtful.Inadebate,effectiverefutationsarekeytosuccess.Refutationshouldbehandledsystematically.,Guidelinestofollow,Anticipatewhatyouropponentwillsay.Takecarefulnotesofwhatyouropponentsaysandnoteyourreactionstowhatissaid.FindyouropponentsfallaciesinargumentsandattackonthatbasisOrganizeyourargumentseffectively.,Avoidfallaciesinarguments,Makingeffectiveandlogicalargumentsisthemosteffectivekeytosuccessinadebate.Tomakeyourargumentssound,youhavetobecarefulaboutfallaciesinreasoning.,Typicalfallacies,EmotionalargumentEmotionalargumentsarebasedonfeelings,notlogic.Forexample,Listen!IloveNewZealand.IlovetheAllBlacks,theTallFerns.Weshouldgetdownonourkneesandthankthesportinggodsforthem”,DoubtfulauthorityAnargumentsupportedbyapersonwhoisnotacceptedasanexpertisconsideredineffective.Hereisoneexample:Letusconsiderthequestionsofsport.MyDadtoldmethattheAmericasCupisorganizedformillionaires,andfundedbythemoneytheAustralianspayustolosetotheminallsports.,CircularargumentYoushouldavoidargumentsthatgoroundandroundbutnevergettothepoint.Forexample:Segregationshouldbeprohibitedforitismorallywrong;weknowitismorallywrongbecauseitisapracticethatshouldbeprohibited.,IrrelevantconclusionAnothertypicaltypeoffallacyisforminganargumentthatcannotbeprovedbytheideasputforward.Forinstance:Allthesepointsgotoshowthatonthisplanetwearethegreatestsportingnationever!,LimitedexampleYoushouldavoidanargumentwhichonlyappliesinafewsituations.Hereisoneexample:AndwhataboutPeterHillaryclimbingEverest?Thatisproofthatwearetheworldstopclimbingnation.,PersonalattackPersonalattackmeanscriticizingthespeakerinsteadofwhattheyhavesaid,Donotcriticizetheindividualspeakers,criticizewhattheysay.,OralFunctionsBank,Howtoagreestronglywithanopinion,Icouldntagreemore!ThatsabsolutelytrueAbsolutely/Sure/Goodidea.Definitely/Exactly.Iagreecompletely/entirelywiththisidea.Itotallyagreewithyou.ItakeyourpointIdgoalongwithyouImwithyouonthat.,Imforyou/onyourside.Ithinksotoo.Youcansaythatagain.Idontthinksoeither.ThatsjustwhatIwanttosay/whatImean/whatIwasthinking.ThatsexactlywhatIthink.,Thatsagoodpoint.ThatsjusthowIseeit.Thatsexactlymyopinion.Thatsoundsperfect/agoodidea.Soundsgoodtome.Ihavenoobjectiontoit.,Howtodisagreestronglywithanopinion,Areyoucrazy?What?Youmustbejoking.Thatsabsurd/ridiculous!,Nonsense/Rubbish!Noway.Justonthecontrary/Justtheotherwayround.IdisagreeImafraidIdontagree.Imafraidyouarewrong.,Ithinkyouareabsolutelywrong!Ireallycantagree.Iwouldntacceptthatforoneminute.Youcantreallymeanthat.Iwouldntgoalongwithyouthere.Youcantbeserious.Thatsyouropinion,butnotmine.,Totellyouthetruth,Ihavedifferentopinions.Youmustbejoking.Ithinkthisideaisimpossible/impractical/bad.Ithinkthisideacannotbeimplemented.Idontagreewiththisidea.Ithinkitisabadidea.,Halfagreewithanopinion,Yes,perhaps.Well,yes.Yes,inaway.Mmm,possibly.Yes,Iagreeuptoapoint.Well,youvegotapointthere.Theressomethinginthat,Isuppose.,Iguessyoucouldberight.Yes,Isupposeso.Iagreepartiallywiththisidea.Thisideaispartiallyright.Isortofagree.Thatsworththinkingabout.Maybe.,Howtodisagreepolitelywithanopinion,Iamnotsosurereally.Doyouthinkso?Well,itdepends.Imnotsocertain.Well,Idontknow.Well,lmnotsosureaboutthat.Mmm,Imnotreallysureyoureright.,ImnotsurethatIagreewiththisidea.Iminclinedtodisagreewiththat.No,Idontthinksoreally.Ithinkthisideaispossible,butTheprojectisfeasible,but.Asamatteroffact,Iwouldsay,Howtopresentbothsidesofanargument,Ontheonehand.,ontheotherhand.Althoughitstruetosaythat.,itsalsotruetosaythat.,Assignment,Getreadytotakepartinadebateonthetopicyouaregoingtochoose.Yourdebateshouldcover:distributionoftherolesclearstatementofyourargumentsvalidevidenceandsoundreasoningbriefandtothepointsummaryTimelimit:Firstdebater:1minsSecond&thirddebater:30secondsLastdebater:1minsFreedebate:10mins,Topicsforfurtherdebate,1.Canwelivewithoutourmobilephone?2.Shouldcollegestudentsbeallowedtorentahouseoff-campus?3.DoesEQoutweighIQforasuccessfulcareer?4.Children:toh