湘潭大学美国文学课件.ppt

Onelivinginhisnativeculturedoesnotrealizehisshortcoming.Foreignliteraturemakesusfindourevenournationsshortcomings.Theinfluenceofliteratureissubtleandpervasivenotapparent;far-reachingnotdirect.,Literatureisamirrorreflectingtheprocessofsociety.Intheshortperiodof200years,Americanliteraturehasbecomeanimportantpartofliteratureworldwithitsownuniquecharacteristicsandcharm.ThroughthestudyofAmericanliterature,wecangetwellknowledgeaboutAmericansocietyandculture,whichgivesusexamplesandsomelessonsduringsocialprogress,especiallymodernliterature.,Thereexistssomesimilaritiesofevolutionofhumanhistoryandsociety.(Modernliterature:urbanization,moneyworship,impersonalization,alienationandment111alcrisis)Besides,literaturecanbringpleasureandphilosophyoflife.Takingsomepoemsforexample:Frost,从明天起，做一个幸福的人喂马，劈柴，周游世界从明天起，关心粮食和蔬菜我有一所房子，面朝大海,春暖花开从明天起，和每一个亲人通信告诉他们我的幸福那幸福的闪电告诉我的,我将告诉每一个人给每一条河每一座山取一个温暖的名字陌生人，我也为你祝福愿你有一个灿烂的前程愿你有情人终成眷属愿你在尘世获得幸福我只愿面朝大海，春暖花开,TheRoadNotTaken-RobertFrost,Tworoadsdivergedinayellowwood,AndsorryIcouldnottravelbothAndbeonetraveler,longIstoodAndlookeddownoneasfarasIcouldTowhereitbentintheundergrowth;,黄树林里分叉两条路，只可惜我不能都踏行。我，单独的旅人，伫立良久极目眺望一条路的尽头，看它隐没在从林深处。,Thentooktheother,asjustasfair,Andhavingperhapsthebetterclaim,Becauseitwasgrassyandwantedwear;Thoughasforthat,thepassingthereHadwornthemreallyaboutthesame,于是我选择了另一条路，一样平直，也许更值得，因为青草茵茵，还未被踏过，若有过往人踪踪，路的状况会相差无几。,AndboththatmorningequallylayInleavesnostephadtroddenblack.Oh,Ikeptthefirstforanotherday!Yetknowinghowwayleadsontoway,IdoubtedifIshouldevercomeback.,那天早晨，两条路都覆盖在枯叶下，没有践踏的污痕：啊，原先那条路留给另一天吧！明知一条路会引出另一条路，我怀疑我是否会回到原处。,IshallbetellingthiswithasighSomewhereagesandageshence:Tworoadsdivergedinawood,andIItooktheonelesstraveledby,Andthathasmadeallthedifference.,在许多许多年以后，在某处，我会轻轻叹息说：黄树林里分叉两条路，而我，我选择了较少人迹的一条，使得一切多么地不同。,.ReviewofAmericanLiteratureBefore1890s,1.TherisingofAmericanliterature.Duringtheperiodofindependenceofyoungcountry,theAmericanliteratureexpressedenergyandpassiontoshowstrongnationalpride.FranklinssuccessisthebestexampleofAmericanDreamwhichistheeternalmotifofAmericanliterature.,Thatistosay,apersoncanachievehissuccess,nomatterwhetherheisrichornot,throughpersonalstruggleandself-improvement.Thriftiness,diligence,self-disciplineandself-improvementareelementsofrealizationofAmericanDreamandalsoethicalstandardofrisingbourgeois.,2.TheculturalindependenceofAmericanliterature.Enteringthe19thcentury,withtheriseofdemandingtheculturalindependenceandseparationfromtheEuropeanliterarytradition,AmericanRomanticismhadflourished.Romanticismputconcerntonature,democracyofnewnation,self-improvementandpersonalvalues.,Whitmanspoetry,whichhadfreeversedifferingfromtraditionalrhymeandstrongoptimisticattitude,gaveusevidenceofgrowinganddevelopmentofnewnation.HispoetrybroughtafreshinspirationintoAmericanliterature.Otherwise,anotheroutstandingpoet,Dickenson,confinedherviewinherownworld.Althoughherthemeswereaboutpersonallife,love,deathandherpoemswerealwaysshort,Dickensonplayedanimportantpart.Sheisoftenconsideredasoneofthepioneersofimagism.,AnothertrendofAmericanRomanticism:transcendentalism.Inasense,transcendentalismwastheAmericanRomanticism.Transcendentalists,includingEmerson,HawthorneandMelville,hadare-thinkingoftherelationshipbetweenhumanandnature.Accordingtotheirtheory,everyonewasborntohavesin.,Itsfeatures:1)Placingemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse-anewwayoflookingattheworld.2)Stressingtheimportanceoftheindividualself-reliance-anewwayoflookingatman.,3)OfferingfreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicofthespiritorGod.(Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGodsoverwhelmingpresence.ItwasthegarmentoftheOversoul.)“TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.”“Spiritispresenteverywhere.”TheindividualsoulcommunedwiththeOversoulandwasthereforedivine.,3.ThenewstartandflourishingofAmericanliteratureAfterthecivilwar,Americanliteraturewentintoanewstage.Sincetherapiddevelopmentofindustryandeconomy,thesocietyunderwentgreatchanges.,While,theprogressofsocietydidnotbringpeopleintoreallyfreeandequaldemocracysociety.Tothecontrary,thegapbetweentherichandthepoorgotwiderandwider.ThepureandsimpleAmericansdescribedbyCooperweregraduallyreplacedbymammonistswhopursuedmaterialandmoney.Franklinsideaandlivingwayhadbecomethecorruptmoralvalue.,PeoplebegantoabandonunrealisticRomanticismtheoryandthinkoverthesocialproblems.Realismsprungup.Realismwritersshifttheirattentiontodarksideofreality.DisillusionofAmericanDream,descriptionofunequalsocietyanddecayedmoralvaluebecametheirtopics.MarkTwainwastherepresentativeofthisperiod.Insomecontent,NaturalismistheextremeofRealism.,.Preview,Theperiodof1890s:theextensionofRealism-Naturalism.Itsrepresentatives:StephenCrane,FrankNorris,TheodoreDreiserandJackLondon.Betweenthetwoworldwars-1914-1939:aflourishingofnewliterarytrend-Modernism.TheFirstWorldWarstandsasagreatdividinglinebetweenthe19thcenturyandthecontemporaryAmericanliterature.1920s:anewideaofpoem-Imagism.Itsrepresentatives:EzraPound.,ThisfirstperiodofModernism(1920sand1930s)Novel:F.ScottFitzgerald(TheAgeofJazz),ErnestHemingway(TheLostGeneration),WilliamFaulkner(theSouthernLiterature),JohnDosPassos(1930swriter)andJohnSteinbeck.Poem:T.S.Eliot,CarlSandburg,WallaceStevens,WilliamCarlosWilliams,RobertFrost,HartCrane,e.e.cummings.DramainModernism:EugeneONeill.,Theperiodofmodernism(1914-1945)Modernpoetry:experimentsinform(Imagism),EzraPound,T.S.Eliot,WallaceStevens,RobertFrost,CarlosWilliams,ProseWriting:modernrealism(theLostGeneration),F.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingway,WilliamFaulkner,NovelsofSocialAwareness,SinclairLewis,DosPassos,JohnSteinbeck,RichardWright,TheHarlemRenaissance,LangstonHughes,ZoraNealsHurston,5)The20thCenturyAmericanDrama,EugeneONeil,ThesecondperiodofModernism(post-wartillnow)ThePost-Warpoetry:TheBeatGeneration-AllenGinsberg.Thenovelafter1950s:TheBlackHumor-VladimirNabokov,NormanMailer,J.D.Salinger,JohnUpdike,KurtVonnegut,JosephHeller,ThomasPynchon,BernardMalamudandKenKeseyandJoyceCarolOates.Drama:TennesseeWilliamsandArthurMiller.,WritersinSouthern:EudoraWelty,MargaretMithell,AllenTateandFlanneryOConnor.BlackAmericanLiterature:LangstonHughes(thepoet),RichardWright,RalphEllison,ToniMorrison,AliceWalkerandJamesBaldwin.ChineseAmericanLiterature:MaxineHongKingstonandAmyTan.,.MarkTwain,1.MarkTwainslife2.Hisworks3.Contribution,MarkTwainslife,SamuelLanghorneClemens(November30,1835April21,1910),betterknownbythepenname“MarkTwain”,wasanAmericanhumorist,satirist,writer,andlecturer.Twainenjoyedimmensepublicpopularity.Hiskeenwitandincisivesatireearnedhimpraisefrombothcriticsandpeers.AmericanauthorWilliamFaulknercalledTwainthefatherofAmericanliterature.MarkTwain(meaningMarknumbertwo)wasaMississippiRiverterm.,HewasbroughtupinthesmalltownontheMississippiRiver.Hewastwelvewhenhisfatherdiedandhehadtoleaveschool.Hewassuccessivelyaprintersapprentice,atrampprinter,asilverminer,asteamboatpilotontheMississippi,andafrontierjournalistinNevadaandCalifornia.Hiscolorfulexperiencegavehisresourceofhiswritingandawideknowledgeofhumanity.,Hefirstwonfamewiththecomicmasterpiece“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,”whichdescribedafrontiertale.Hisfirstnovel,TheGildedAge(1873),wasaartisticfailure,butitgaveitsnametotheAmericaofthepost-bellumperiod.,PS:InAmericanhistory,theGildedAgereferstomajorgrowthinpopulationintheUnitedStatesandextravagantdisplaysofwealthandexcessofAmericasupper-classduringthepost-CivilWarandpost-Reconstructionera,inthelate19thcentury(1870-1890).,Hisboyhoodexperiencefurnishedhimwithamplematerialforfiction.TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)wasanimmediatesuccessas“aboysbook”.Itssequel,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)becamehismasterwork.Thisbookwasfirstconsideredadultfiction,whichpaintedapictureofMississippifrontierlife.ErnestHemingwayhadsucharemark-“allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes”.,Hesetoutworldtour,travelinginFranceandItaly.Hisexperienceswererecordedin1869inTheInnocentsAbroad,whichgainedhimwidepopularity,andpokedfunatbothAmericanandEuropeanprejudicesandmanners.HecriticizedthehypocrisyandcorruptionaswellastheAmericansshallownessandinnocenceusinghumorousandwittone.,Histragiclife:Thedeathofhiswifein1904inFlorenceandhisseconddaughterdarkenedtheauthorslateryears.BecauseofTwainspersonaltragedyandbankruptcyoffinance,hiswritingshiftfromthehumorousstyleintosatiricalone.Twainusedhisutmostefforttocriticizetheinjusticeofsociety,theabsurdnessofhuman.Hislaterwork-TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg(1900)wasfilledwithpessimisticandcynicaltone.,Hisworks,Shortstory:TheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty(1865)卡城名蛙Firstnovel:TheGildedAge(withCharlesDudleywaenner,1873)镀金时代InnocentsAbroad(1869)傻子出国记RoughingIt(1872)艰苦岁月TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)汤姆索亚历险记ThePrinceandthePauper(1882)王子与贫儿LifeontheMississippi(1883)密西西比河上TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)哈克贝利费恩历险记,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,Theplot:ThenarratorofthispicturesquetaleofavoyagebyraftontheMississippiisHuckFinn,whousestheunliteraryspeechofMarkTwainsyouth.WhenHucksdrunkenfathertriedtogetpossessionofhissonsshareoftheburiedtreasure,theboyescapedtoJacksonsIsland,wherehefoundJim,MissWatsonsescapedNegroslave.Thetwoheadeddownstreamonaraft.,Duringtherunawayofcultivatedsociety,Hucksthoughtaboutslaveryandmoralvaluehadgreatlychange.Thejourneyachievedhismaturation.JimtaughtHuckhowtobeanhonestandsympatheticman.Whilethedarkandcorruptadultsocietymadehimknowhowtomakeacleardistinctionbetweenrightandwrong.Attheendofthestory,HuckdidntemergeintothedarkrealityandwenttotheWesternfrontier,justasCoopershero.HuckleberryFinnisanotherimagetoescapefromthecivilizedsociety.,Contribution,MarkTwainisagreatliteraryartist.HiscontributiontothedevelopmentofrealismandtheAmericanliteratureasawholewasthroughhishumor,histheoriesoflocalisminAmericanfiction,andhisuseofcolloquialspeech.Colloquialstyleaimingatexpression,notdecoration,conformstothenatureofasubject.ThestylehassweptAmericanliteratureanditsinfluenceonthetwentieth-centuryAmericanwriterssuchasErnestHemingway,RobertFrost,CarlSandburg,andT.S.Eliotisclearlyvisible.,.Naturalism(1890s),1.ThehistoricalbackgroundofNaturalism2.ThedefinitionandphilosophicideaofNaturalism3.TheCharacteristicsofNaturalism4.TherepresentativesofNaturalism,1.ThehistoricalbackgroundofNaturalisma.thespreadofindustrializationcreatedextremesofwealthandpoverty.slumb.farmerswerestillgoingwestward,butfrontiersereabouttheclose.Theyhadtodependonthetranscontinentalrailwaytotransporttheirproducts.c.thespreadofDarwinstheoryofevolutionchangedpeoplesideology.,2.ThedefinitionThetermnaturalismdescribesatypeofliteraturethatattemptstoapplyscientificprinciplesofobjectivityanddetachmenttoitsstudyofhumanbeings.NaturalismbeganinFrance.UndertheinfluenceofDarwinEvolutionTheory,Zolabelievesthesurroundingsandhereditycandecideonesdestiny.,左拉的自然主义，归纳起来大致有如下特点：第一，左拉认为作家就像解剖室里的医生，对客观存在的事物，要作科学的分析，并且如实地加以描写；他要求作家大规模地搜集资料，尊重客观现实，敢于把血淋淋的现实放到读者眼前；他把作家从故事的叙述者，变成事实的科学调查者把纯粹虚构的文学变成探索研究的文学。第二、左拉认为作家应该利用实验医学、生理学以及遗传学、环境学等先进科学知识，去解剖人和观察人,Unlikerealism,whichfocusesonliterarytechnique,naturalismimpliesaphilosophicalposition:fornaturalisticwriters,sincehumanbeingsare,inEmileZolasphrase,“humanbeasts”,characterscanbestudiedthroughtheirrelationshipstotheirsurroundings.Anaturalisticnovelisthusanextensionofrealism.Thenaturalistshavetheextraordinaryandexcessivedescriptioninhumannature.,ThephilosophicideasA.CharlesDarwin(1809-1882),Englishnaturalist:Darwin,inOntheOriginofSpecies.TheDarwinistbeliefthathumansarehighlyevolvedanimalsbecomesarefutationofthereligious(Christiancreationist)viewthathumansexistbelowangels.UnderDarwinistsgreatinfluence,literature,philosophyandsomeotherfieldsbrokeawaythefakeworldandfoundanewwaytostudyhumannature.,B.HerbertSpencer(1820-1903),Englishphilosopher:contrarytopopularbelief,itwasHerbertSpencer,notCharlesDarwin,thatfirstcoinedthephrase“survivalofthefittest”.Spenceradaptedthetheoryofevolutionintoasocialsysteminwhichthoseindividuals,species,orraceswiththebestacquiredcharacteristicswouldsurvive.,Theexistenceofahumanpersonislimitedbywhereandwhenhe/sheisbornandthesocioeconomicforceshe/shehastowrestlewith.destinydeterminedbyenvironmentandhereditydesireformoneyandsex,3.ThecharacteristicsofNaturalisma.thematicaspect-wrotedetaileddescriptionsofthelivesofthedowntroddenandoftheabnormal-hadfranktreatmentofhumanpassionandsexuality-wereconcernedabouthowmenandwomenwereoverwhelmedbytheforcesofenvironmentandbytheforcesofheredity.,b.technicalaspect-madedetaileddocumentationoflife:nothingbutthetruth,morenakedandwickedthanrealism.-createdgloomyandpessimisticatmosphere,ThecontributionofNaturalisma.naturalisticwritersclearedthewayforthenextgeneration,“thelostgeneration”hemetheyrepresentedthelifeofthelowerclassestruthfullyandbrokeintosuchforbiddenregionsasviolence,death,echniquetheirworksexhibithonestskillsandartistry.,4.representativewritersa.StephenCrane(1871-1900)Maggie,AGirloftheStreets(1893)街头女郎玛琪(thefirstNaturalismnovel)TheRedBadgeofCourage(1895)红色英勇勋章b.FrankNorris(1870-1902)thedeclarationofNaturalism-McTeague(1899)麦克提格thetrilogy-TheOctopus(1901)章鱼ThePit(1903)粮食交易所TheWolf(1902.unfinished)狼,c.TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)JennieGerhardt(1911)珍妮姑娘TheFinancier()金融家TheTitan(1914)巨头TheGenius(1915)天才SisterCarrie(1900)嘉丽妹妹AnAmericanTragedy(1925)美国悲剧d.OHenry(1862-1910)“TheGiftoftheMagi”麦琪的礼物“TheWhirligigofLife”生活的波折,e.JackLondonTheSonoftheWolf(1900)狼的儿子TheSea-Wolf(1904)海狼MartinEden(1909)(autobiography)马丁伊登TheWhiteFang(1906)白牙TheCalloftheWild(1903)野性的呼唤,.StephenCrane(1871-1900),1.TheintroductionofStephenCrane2.TheRedBadgeofCourage3.Comments,1.TheintroductionofStephenCraneandhisworksStephenCraneisaprominentAmericanwriterinlatenineteenthcentury.StephenCranewasborninNewJersey,theyoungestinafamilyoffourteenchildren.Hisdesiretowritewasinspiredbyhisfamily:hisfather,aMethodistminister,andhismother,adevoutwomandedicatedtosocialconcerns,werewritersofreligiousarticles,andtwoofhisbrothersarejournalists.,Althoughhewasagentleman,Cranewasattachedto,orevenobsessedbywarandotherformsofphysicalandpsychicviolence.Cranefrequentlylivedthedown-and-outlifeofapennilessartist;hewasapoetandanimpressionist,ajournalist,asocialcriticandrealist.Craneslifewasveryshort:hewasdeadoftuberculosisbeforehisthirtiethbirthday.Hiscareerasanauthorlastedonlyfrom1892to1900,butuptonowhismanyworkshavebeenremembered.,novel:TheRedBadgeofCourageMaggie,AGirloftheStreetshortstory:TheBrideComestotheYellowSky新娘来到黄天镇TheOpenBoat海上扁舟theMonster怪物poem:TheBlackRidersandOtherLines(1895)黑衣骑士及其他WarisKind(1899)战争是仁慈的,MajorThemes,Inhisthemesandstyles,Craneisanavant-gardewriter,includingwesternnovel,warnovel,slum,povertyandcrime,violenceanddeath,sexandprostitute,etc.Cranewritesaboutextremeexperiencesthatareconfrontedbyordinarypeople.Hischaractersarenotlarger-than-life,buttheytouchthemysteriousedgesoftheircapacitiesforperception,action,andunderstanding.Inall,Cranesworksreflectmanyofthemajorartisticconcernsattheendofthenineteenthcentury,especiallynaturalism,impressionism,andsymbolism.,Cranewrotehisfirstbook,Maggie:AGirloftheStreets(1893),asympatheticstudyofaninnocentandabusedslumgirlsdescentintoprostitutionandhereventualsuicide.Maggie:AGirloftheStreets(1893)isthefirstnaturalisticnovelinAmerica.,TheOpenBoatdescribesthestrugglebetweenfourpersonsandtheseaafterwreckage.ThesomeNaturalisticideathatnatureisindifferentwithhumansdestinygetsfullexpressioninthisstory.Exceptforthedescriptionabouthumansterror,courageandperseverance,Cranealsodepictsthecooperationintheadversity.Fromthisperspective,AmericanNaturalismdiffersfromFrenchNaturalismthoughitcomesfromFrenchNaturalism.,Poem:Stephenspoemsarefullofkindsofimages,suchasanimalimagesandcolorimages.StephenandDickensonareregardedasthepioneersofImagismandsymbolism.HispoetryTheBlackRidersandOtherLines(1895)andWarisKind(1899)withitsconcise,vividimagesachievedsuccess.,2.Stephensmasterpiece-TheRedBadgeofCouragea.theplotFleming,ayoungrecruitunderfireforthefirsttimeinanunnamedbattleoftheCivilWar.Afarmboywhosestrugglewithhisemotionsmightbethatoftheeternalrecruitinanybattleofanywar,HenryhasdreamtoffightingheroicallyinGreek-likebattles.,Infirstbattle,Flemingwitnessedthereal,cruelwarandthedeathofsoldiers.Hebegantorunlikeawildanimal.Atthesametime,hewantedtoownawound-“thesymbolofcourage”.Inhiswayofreturn,hewashitbyascaredsoldierandaccidentallygotthe“theredbadgeofcourage”.Yethereceivedgreatpraiseandcarefulcarebecauseofthis“redbadge”.Inthesecondwar,Flemingbegantoactlikearealherotofightwithhisenemy.Hewaslikeawarbeastandfiredwithoutastopuntilhiscomradesremindhimoftheretreatoftheenemy.Hebecamearealman.,b.theanalysisofcharactersThehero-Flemingmaturationorlostillusionbeforeenrollment-disillusionandapprehensionbeforewar-humiliationandself-consolationintherunaway-vanityandself-deceiveafterreturn-bravebehaviorandlostinthenextbattle.Traditional:acoward-abravemanNew:anormalman-awarmachine/animal,c.themesandkeywordsinthisworkcouragemanhoodself-preservationtheuniversesdisregardforhumanlifeyouthandmaturity,d.NaturalisticaspectinStephensnovel1.Thedetaileddescriptionofdeathandviolence:oneofthemosttypicaltopicsinnaturalisticliteraryworks-theuniversedisregardforhumanlife-isalsodiscussedhere.HenrysdiscoverythatthenaturalworldspinsonregardlessofmanslifeordeathmaybethemostdifficultlessonthatHenryhaslearnedinhismilitarycareer.Forexample,Henrystumblesuponadeadsoldierwhoserottingbodyservesasapowerfulreminderoftheuniverseindifferencetohumanlife.2.Bothhumanandanimalhaveasenseofself-preservation.,mentsTheRedBadgeofCourageisoftenconsideredoneofthebestAmericanwarstorieseverwritten,eventhoughtheauthorwasbornaftertheeventsandneversawbattlehimself.Hispurposeinwritingthebookwastorewritethetraditionalhero,explorethecomplicatedmentalworldandinstinctivefear,andalsotocriticizetheinsignificanceofwar.Itisalsoapsychologicalnovel.,Presentation,TheodoreDreisersSisterCarrieorAnAmericanTragedyJackLondonandTheCalloftheWild,TheodoreDreiser(l87l-1945)TheodoreDreiserisgenerallyacknowledgedasoneofAmericasliterarynaturalists.Hepossessednoneoftheusualaidstoaw