Charles-Robert-DarwinPPT课件

-,1,CharlesRobertDarwin,-,2,CharlesRobertDarwin(18091882)Britishscientist（naturalist）,wholaidthefoundationofmodernevolutionarytheorywithhisconceptofthedevelopmentofallformsoflifethroughtheslow-workingprocessofnaturalselection.Hisworkwasofmajorinfluenceonthelifeandearthsciencesandonmodernthoughtingeneral.,-,3,CharlesRobertDarwinwasbornonFebruary12,1809inShrewsbury什鲁斯伯里城,England.HewasbornonthesamedayasAbrahamLincoln.,-,4,DarwinwasthefifthchildofawealthyandsophisticatedEnglishfamily.HismaternalgrandfatherwasthesuccessfulchinaandpotteryentrepreneurJosiahWedgwood;hispaternalgrandfatherwasthewell-known18th-centuryphysicianandsavantErasmusDarwin.,-,5,JourneyoftheBeagle,-,6,In1831,DarwnsetoutonH.M.S.Beagleasaself-financedgentlemancompaniontothe26-year-oldcaptain,RobertFitzroy.TheBeaglewasonaBritishscienceexpeditionaroundtheworldthevoyagelastedalmostfiveyearsand,DarwinspentmostofthattimeonlandinvestigatinggeologyandmakingnaturalhistorycollectionsDarwinsjobasnaturalistaboardtheBeaglegavehimtheopportunitytoobservethevariousgeologicalformationsfoundondifferentcontinentsandislandsalongtheway,aswellasahugevarietyoffossilsandlivingorganisms.Inhisgeologicalobservations,Darwinwasmostimpressedwiththeeffectthatnaturalforceshadonshapingtheearthssurface.,-,7,family,1839,EmmaWedgwoodmarriedDarwin.Sincethen,shestartstoretainthehabitofdailydiaryuntilthelastyearoflifeJanuary28,1839Monday:Darwincome(Note:Theymarriedat29)April19,1882Wednesday,:3-1/2,allofhersonreturn(Note:Darwindiedthesameday)April20,1882Thursday:Pollydied,allofhersonreturn.(Note:Pollyisapuppy),EmmaDarwin,-,8,Thefirstdiaryisdated1824,whenEmmaWedgwoodwassixteen,alivelyandattractiveyoungwoman,shortlytoparticipateinaEuropeantourwithhersistersandparents,JosiahandBessyWedgwood.ShemarriedCharlesDarwin,herfirstcousin,inJanuary1839.Thefinaldiaryinthecollectionrecordsthelastyearofherlife.Therearesixtydiariescoveringtheyears1824,1833-4,1839-45and1848-96,-,9,Darwinschildren,TheDarwinshadtenchildren:twodiedininfancy,andAnniesdeathattheageoftenhadadevastatingeffectonherparents.,-,10,WilliamErasmusDarwin(27December18391914)AnneElizabethDarwin(2March184123April1851)MaryEleanorDarwin(23September184216October1842)HenriettaEmmaEttyDarwin(25September18431929)GeorgeHowardDarwin(9July18457December1912)ElizabethBessyDarwin(8July18471926)FrancisDarwin(16August184819September1925)LeonardDarwin(15January185026March1943)HoraceDarwin(13May185129September1928)CharlesWaringDarwin(6December185628June1858)ItwasthedeathofAnniethatradicallyalteredDarwinsbeliefinChristianity.andhehadstoppedgoingtochurch.,-,11,Histheory,Darwinstheorywasfirstannouncedin1858inapaperpresentedatthesametimeasonebyAlfredRusselWallace,ayoungnaturalistwhohadcomeindependentlytothetheoryofnaturalselection.Darwinscompletetheorywaspublishedin1859,inOntheOriginofSpecies.Oftenreferredtoasthebookthatshooktheworld,theOriginsoldoutonthefirstdayofpublicationandsubsequentlywentthroughsixeditions.Darwinstheoryofevolutionaryselectionholdsthatvariationwithinspeciesoccursrandomlyandthatthesurvivalorextinctionofeachorganismisdeterminedbythatorganismsabilitytoadapttoitsenvironment.Hesetthesetheoriesforthinhisbookcalled,OntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection,orthePreservationofFavouredRacesintheStruggleforLife(1859)or“TheOriginofSpecies”forshort.AfterpublicationofOriginofSpecies,Darwincontinuedtowriteonbotany,geology,andzoologyuntilhisdeathin1882.EngelsconsidertheevolutionasoneofthethreemajordiscoveriesofScienceof19thcentury,-,12,Darwinstheoryofevolutionbynaturalselectionisessentiallythat,becauseofthefood-supplyproblemdescribedbyMalthus,theyoungborntoanyspeciesintenselycompeteforsurvival.Thoseyoungthatsurvivetoproducethenextgenerationtendtoembodyfavorablenaturalvariations(howeverslighttheadvantagemaybe)theprocessofnaturalselectionandthesevariationsarepassedonbyheredity.Therefore,eachgenerationwillimproveadaptivelyovertheprecedinggenerations,andthisgradualandcontinuousprocessisthesourceoftheevolutionofspecies.NaturalselectionisonlypartofDarwinsvastconceptualscheme;healsointroducedtheconceptthatallrelatedorganismsaredescendedfromcommonancestors.Moreover,heprovidedadditionalsupportfortheolderconceptthattheearthitselfisnotstaticbutevolving.,-,13,LaterYears,DarwinspenttherestofhislifeexpandingondifferentaspectsofproblemsraisedintheOrigin.HislaterbooksincludingTheVariationofAnimalsandPlantsUnderDomestication(1868),TheDescentofMan(1871),andTheExpressionoftheEmotionsinAnimalsandMan(1872)weredetailedexpositionsoftopicsthathadbeenconfinedtosmallsectionsoftheOrigin.The