英语国家概况第二章知识点

Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation 第01讲Early Settlers & Roman Britain & The Anglo-SaxonsI. Early Settlers （5000 BC55 BC）Britain was originally a part of the European continent. When the last Ice Age ended 7,000 years ago, melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating theEnglish Channeland theNorth Sea, and turning Britain into an island.【译文】早期居民（公元前5000年公元前55年）不列颠原是欧洲大陆的一部分。7000年前的冰川时代结束时，融冰淹没了低地，形成了英吉利海峡和北海，不列颠变成了岛屿。 1） Iberians （伊比利亚人） （the first known settlers） At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula, nowSpain. They were farming folk who kept animals and grew crops.【译文】1）伊比利亚人（所知道的最早的英国居民）大约在公元前3000年的新石器时代，这些身材矮小、黑皮肤、长脸庞的人来到英国，他们很可能来自伊比利亚半岛，即现在的西班牙。作为农民他们饲养动物、种植庄稼。 2） The Beaker Folk （宽口陶器人） At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known asHollandand theRhineland. These people took their name from their distinctivebell-shaped drinking vesselswith which they were buried in crouching positions in individual graves. They brought with them the art of pottery making, the ability to fashion bronze tools and the custom of individual burial.【译文】2）宽口陶器人大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来到这里。这一民族得名于他们所用的特殊钟形宽口饮酒容器，这种陶器是陪葬品，分别埋在单独的墓穴里，墓的主人呈蹲伏姿势。他们还带来了制陶工艺、制造青铜工具的技术及单独安葬的习俗。 3） The Celts （凯尔特人） （名词解释）The Celts, a taller and fairer race than the people who had come before, began to arrive about500 BCand kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.They may originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France,Belgium and southern Germany.【译文】3） 凯尔特人凯尔特人比先前抵达的种族更高、更漂亮，他们于公元前500年开始迁入，并于此后不断迁居到此岛，直至罗马人入侵。他们可能源自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国、比利时和德国南部。 II. Roman Britain （55 BC-410 AD）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.2.Reasons for untotal occupation:a. some parts of the country resist;b. Roman troops were often withdraw from Britain to fight in other parts of Roman Empire.【译文】.罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年公元410年）1.英国有记栽的历史开始于罗马人的入侵。英国被罗马人的占领近四百年。2.并非完全占领的原因：a.一些地区进行了抵抗；b.罗马军队经常撤离不列颠，到罗马帝国的其他地区作战。 3. Achievementa. Network of towns and roads. Caster and Chester means camp. （Lancaster, Winchester and Chester） Capital: London （Londinium）. Two cities: York had been created as a northern stronghold; Bath rapidly developed because of its waters.b. Make use of Britains natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery.【译文】3.成就a. 城镇和道路网。Caster和 Chester“营地”的意思。（Lancaster, Winchester和Chester）首都：伦敦两个城市：约克被建为北方要塞，而巴斯城因其水域而发展迅速。b.利用英国的自然资源，开发铅矿、铁矿和锡矿，并生产陶器。 4. Religion: The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. This came at first by indirect means, probably brought by traders and soldiers, and was quite well-established before the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 306.【译文】4.宗教：罗马人还把基督教这一新宗教带到不列颠。最初很可能是由商人和士兵间接传入的。公元306年第一位基督教皇帝，君士坦丁大帝登基之前，基督教已被人们所广泛接受。 5. Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited?1） The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.2） Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry.3） The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.【译文】5.为什么罗马对不列颠人的影响却极为有限？1）罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶级以及属民来对待。2）四百年中，罗马人从不和不列颠人通婚。3）罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。 III. The Anglo-Saxons （446-871）1.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders,Jutes, Saxons, and Anglescame to Britain. They were threeTeutonic tribes.2. The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland （now southern Denmark）, came to Britain first. They established a kingdom in Kent in the 5th century. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany, settled in East Anglia, Mercia （which covered the Midlands and the Welsh borders） and Northumbria, which reached to the Scottish border.【译文】III. 安格鲁-撒克逊人（446871）1. 5世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和安格鲁人开始入侵不列颠。这是三个日耳曼部落。2. 居住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔、农耕的朱特人首先到达不列颠。它们于公元5世纪成立了肯特郡王国。后来5世纪末至6世纪初，从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在塞克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国。6世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部把自己的名字给了英国人的安格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚（包括中部及威尔士边境）以及诺森伯利亚定居，诺森伯利亚到达苏格兰边境。 3. Heptarchy（七国时代）（名词解释）: The Heptarchy was the period in English history when Anglo-Saxon set up seven small kingdoms in about 6th century. These kingdoms were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand, so that the kingdoms were often broken up and often pieced together again.【译文】七国时代：七国时代是英国历史上的一个时期，在6世纪安格鲁-撒克逊建立了七个小王国。这些部落之间不断交战，彼此都想占上风，因此王国总是分了合，合了又分。 4. Wars among Heptarchya. By the end of the eighth century, Offa, King of Mercia, built the great earthwork known as Offas Dyke（奥法大堤）, control for a long time virtually all central, eastern and southeastern England.b. In 829, Egbert, King of Wessex, became an overlord of all the English.传统被认为是英格兰王国第一个国王。【译文】4.七国时代的战争a. 到8世纪末，麦西亚国王奥法修建了著名的防御工事奥法大堤，实际上奥法统治了整个英格兰中部、西部和东南部很长一段时间。b.公元829年，威塞克斯的国王埃格伯特成了整个英国的最高君主。 5. Religiona. Teutonic religionThe Anglo-Saxons brought their ownTeutonic religionto Britain.（Tiu, the god of war, Woden, king of heaven, Thor, the god of Storms, and Freya, goddess of peace; The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from their gods）Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.【译文】5.宗教a. 日耳曼宗教安格鲁-撒克逊人带来了日耳曼宗教。（Tiu战神，Woden主神，Thor雷神和Freya和平女神。星期二、星期三、星期四和星期五这些名称就源于这些天神。）除了康沃尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰的凯尔特人中有些人信奉基督教外，基督教很快消失了。 b. Christianity In AD 563 on the island of Iona, off the west coast of Scotland, a monk calledColumbaestablished a monastery which was to be responsible for much of the Christian conversion of the people of the north. Under its influence a monastery was founded at Lindisfarne in Northumberland and another at Kells in Ireland, and many smaller ones sprang up throughout the Celtic areas.【译文】b.基督教公元563年在苏格兰西海岸以外的爱奥那岛上，一位名叫哥伦巴的修士建了一所修道院。北方人皈依基督教很大一部分原因是这座修道院的功劳。在其影响下，诺森伯利亚的林迪斯发恩和爱尔兰的科尔斯各建了一所修道院，许多规模更小的修道院遍布整个凯尔特人的地区。 In 597,Pope GregorysentSt. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.Ethelbert, King of Kent, soon became a Christian himself. He providedSt. Augustinewith a house for his followers in Canterbury.In 597, St. Augustine became thefirst Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.【译文】公元597年，教皇格里高里一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，要把异教徒的英国人变为基督教徒。肯特国王埃瑟伯特很快成了基督徒。他为坎特伯雷的圣奥古斯丁信徒们提供了一幢房子。公元597年圣奥古斯丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。奥古斯丁在使国王和贵族皈依基督徒方面很成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北部修士们的传教活动。 c. Disagreement between the Roman missionaries and the Celtic missionaries: The Roman missionaries held that the Popes authority was supreme, and the Celtic missionaries held that Christian belief did not require a final earthly arbiter. They held a conference atWhitbyin 664. Finally, the Roman missionaries gained the upper hand.【译文】c.罗马传教士与凯尔特传教士之间存在分歧。罗马天主教认为教皇权威是至高无上的，而凯尔特传教士却认为基督教信仰并不需要最终的尘世主宰。公元664年这两个派别在约克郡的威特比举行会议。在这次宗教会议上，罗马天主教占了优势。 6. AchievementsThe Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state.1）They divided the country intoshires.2）They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system.3）They also established the manorial system, whereby the lord of the manor collected taxes, and organized the local army.4）And they created the Witan （council or meeting of the wisemen）, to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.【译文】6.成就安格鲁-撒克逊人为英国国家的形成打下了基础。1）他们把国家划分为郡。2）他们设计了狭长条带、三田轮作制。3）他们还建立起采邑制度，领主收租并组织当地军队。4）他们还创立了议会（贤人会议），给国王提供咨询，这是现存的枢密院的基础。 第02讲The Viking and Danish Invasions、The Norman Conquest (1066)IV.The Viking and Danish Invasions1.The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878.The Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom.【译文】从8世纪末开始，挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地。到9世纪，特别是公元835878 年间，已成为严重的问题。北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的王国的安全。2.Alfred, king of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.a.Danes gained control of north and east of England, i.e.“the Danelaw（丹麦法区）”.b.Alfred, king of Wessex, rule the rest.【译文】韦塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德非常强大，打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好的协议。a.丹麦人控制英格兰的北部和东部（丹麦法区）。b.韦塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德统治其他地区 3.Alfreds achievements1）Alfred, king of Wessex, is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea, then protected the coasts and encouraged trade.2）He also reorganized the fyrd （the Saxon army）, making it more efficient.3）Alfred, who is said to have taught himself Latin at the age of 40,translated into English Bedes Ecclesiastical history of the English People.4）A learned man himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system.【译文】3.阿尔弗雷德的功绩1）韦塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德被称为“英国海军之父”，因为他建立的强大舰队先是在海战中打敗了丹麦人，后又保护海岸并促进贸易。2）他还改组了“弗尔德”（撒克逊军队），使之更加高效。3）据说阿尔弗雷德40岁时自学拉丁语，把比德的英国人民教会史翻译成英语。4）他不仅自身学识渊博，还鼓励向他人求知并修建学校，制定法律制度。 This, as well as his admirable work with the army and the navy, makes him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”.【译文】这些成就加上他建陆军和海军所做的工作，使他无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大帝”的称号。Alfred the Great 阿尔弗雷德大帝（名词解释）Alfred was a strong king of Wessex.He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them.He founded a strong fleet and is known asThe father of the British navy.He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient.He also translated books and established schools.All this earned him the title Alfred the Great【译文】韦塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德非常强大，打败了丹麦人，并与他们达成了友好的协议。他建立强大舰队，被称为“英国海军之父”。他还改组了撒克逊军队，使之更加高效。他翻译书籍，建立学校。这些成就使他无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大帝”的称号。 4.Successorsa.After Alfreds death his successors reconquered the Danelaw, but in 980 Viking invasions renewed.King Ethelred the Unready （badlyadvised）（979-1016）tried paying the invaders to stay away by imposing a tax, called the danegeld（丹麦金）, on his people.To his great disappointment, the Danes did not go away but grew greedier.【译文】4.继任者a.阿尔弗雷德死后，他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区。但公元980年北欧海盗再度进犯。“未准备好者”埃塞尔雷德国王（979-1016）向人民征收“丹麦金”进贡给入侵者，以免被侵略。令他失望的是，丹麦人非但没有离去反而愈加贪婪。 b.When Ethelreds death left no strong Saxon successor, the Witan chose Canute （?-1035）, the Danish leader, as king in 1016.Canute made England part of a Scandinavian empire which included Norway as well as Denmark.Canute proved to be a wise ruler.He divided power between Danes and Saxons and, to protect his northern border, compelled Malcolm II, King of the Scots, to recognize him as overlord.【译文】b.埃塞尔雷德死后没有留下有实力的撒克逊继承人，于是贤人会议于公元1016年选丹麦首领喀奴特为国王。喀奴特使英格兰成为斯堪的那维亚帝国的一部分，此帝国还包括挪威和丹麦。事实证明，喀奴特是位英明的统治者。他在丹麦人与撒克逊人之间划分权力，为了保持北疆安全，他迫使苏格兰国王莫尔考姆二世承认他是最高统治者。c.After Canutes death in 1035 his sons, Harold and Hardicanute reigned successively.d.After Hardicanutes death the succession passed to Edward the Confessor （c.10031066）, son of Ethelred the Unready, who had spent most of his life in Normandy, the part of France settled by the Vikings.【译文】c.公元1035年喀奴特死后，他的儿子哈罗德和哈迪喀奴特先后统治王国。哈迪喀奴特死后，王位传给了“未准备好者”埃塞尔雷德的儿子“忏悔者”爱德华，爱德华此前大 部分时间住在北欧海盗定居的法国诺曼底。 V.The Norman Conquest （1066）1.BackgroundEdward was King of England （1042-1066）.He was known because of his piety as “the Confessor,” seemed more concerned with the building of Westminster Abbey than with affairs of state.He was far more Norman than Saxon and soon upset his father-in-law, Earl Godwin, by filling his court with “foreign” favorites and appointing a Norman priest Archbishop of Canterbury.He is also said to have promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy （1028-1087）.Finally, the Witan chose Harold as king.【译文】爱德华是英格兰国王（公元10421066）。他因对宗教的虔诚被封为“忏悔者”。他对国事的关心远不及他关心威斯敏斯特大教堂的修建。他更像诺曼人而不是像撒克逊人，这使得他的岳父戈德温伯爵深感不安。他的王宫中充满了“外国”亲信宠臣，他任命一位诺曼教士任坎特伯雷大主教，据说他还答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉。最后，贤人会议选哈罗德为国王。 Four men:Harold Hardrada（King of Norway）/ Tostig （join together）（fight）Harold （king） Duke of Normandy（fight）When Edward died, Shortly afterwards Tostig, Harolds brother, joined Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, and made an attempt to recover his lost earldom of Northumbria.Informed of this invasion, King Harold, who was in the south preparing to resist the expected attack from Normandy, rushed north and won a brilliant victory at Stanford Bridge, where Tostig and Hardrada were both defeated and killed.【译文】爱德华死后不久哈罗德的兄弟托斯蒂格投靠挪威国王哈罗德哈德拉达，企图重新获得他已失去的诺桑布里亚的伯爵领地。获知此消息的时候，哈罗德国王正在南部准备抵抗诺曼人的进攻。他匆忙北上，在斯坦福桥取得辉煌胜利，托斯蒂格和哈德拉达双双战败身亡。 2.Process: Harold brought his exhausted troops back to the Sussex Downs to face the army of Duke of Normandy who had landed his knights at Pevensey.On October 14, 1066 the two armies clashed in a hard-fought battle and Harold was killed, shot through the right eye by an arrow.Anglo-Saxon England perished with Harolds death.【译文】哈罗德把精疲力竭的军队拉.回到苏塞克斯的开阔土地应战诺曼底公爵的军队，他的骑士军已在庇文塞登陆。公元1066年10月14日，两支 军队激烈交锋，哈罗德战死，他的右眼被箭射穿。随着他的死亡，安格鲁一撒克逊人的英格兰灭亡了。 William entered London shortly before Christmas, and on Christmas Day he was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York.【译文】圣诞节临近时，威廉开进伦敦。圣诞节这天，在威斯敏斯特大教堂，约克大主教为威廉加冕，威廉成为英格兰国王。The Saxons of the south were in disarray, but the northerners were difficult to conquer.The Earls of Northumbria and Mercia both refused to submit, retiring to the north with the idea of proclaiming King Edwards young nephew, Edgar, as King Harolds successor; both the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York supported the proclamation of Edgar as Harolds rightful heir.Faced with Saxon risings in the north, William took swift and brutal action in what has been called the “harrying of the north,” （扫平北方）devastating