chapter2+美国文学.ppt

Whatfactorsinfluenceliteraturemuch?,ReligionLiteratureisareflectionofculturewhichisinfluencedbyreligionmuchinwesternhistory.NearlyeverypieceofEnglishliteratureisaffectedbyreligiondeeply.WhatisaboutChineseLiterature?,WarsLiteratureisareflectionofrealitywhichisinfluencedbywarmuchtooinwesternhistory.NothingshatteredpeoplesidealismmorethanWorldWarI.,PartOneCOLONIALPERIODANDEARLYAMERICANLITERATURE(1620-1800),Chapter2TheFoundersoftheNationHistory:TheAmericanRevolutionMovement:theAgeofReasonandRevolutiontheAgeofAmericanEnlightenment18thCenturyLiteratureWriter:Franklin,History:AmericanRevolution,ConflictsbetweenAmericaandBritainoversettlements,government,taxesEconomically:Br.preventedAm.EconomicdevelopmentExportrawmaterials,importfinishedgoodsPolitically:stateinsteadofcolony;taxes,norepresentativeinParliamentResultsoftheconflicts1775,Lexington,beginningoftheIndependenceWar1776,ThomasJefferson,DeclarationofIndependence1778,alliancewithFrance,turningpointforAmericanarmy1778,Englisharmysurrendered1783,formalrecognitionfromBritaingovernmentTheAmericanWarofIndependencelasted8yearsfrom1775-1783,Literarymovement:Enlightenment,Themilitaryvictoryformedstrongnationalistichopesforagreatnewliterature.CallforAmericasindependenceinliterature“Americamustbeasindependentassheisinpolitics,asfamousfortheartsasforarms”In1783,NoahWebster,Enlightenment,theAgeofReasonandRevolutiontheAgeofRationality18thCenturyLiteraturetheAgeofAmericanEnlightenment(1)OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcenturyThespirituallifeinthecoloniesduringtheperiodwastoagreatdegreemoldedbythebourgeoisEnlightenment.,(2)Sources:Newtonstheory;牛顿提出运动定律和万有引力学说Newtonslawsofmotionandtheoryofgravity，宇宙受一定的自然法则约束，而不受上帝控制，由此产生了自然神论。deism（自然神教派);Deist自然神论者认为上帝确实创造了宇宙万物，但上帝使万物遵循自然法则而存在。因此，崇敬上帝的最好方法就是研究上帝的作品人类和自然界，并为人类做善事。富兰克林是这一思想的代言人。Godcreatedeverythingandletitgo.Itisuptothehumanbeingsthemselvestotakecareofthemselvesandtoruntheworld.Inordertogetoninthisworld,onehastobeindustrious,frugalandprudent.Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire),II.Enlightenment,(3)Basicprinciples:the18th-centryAmericanEnlightenmentwasamovementmarkedbyanemphasisonrationalityratherthantradition,scientificinquiryinsteadofunquestioningreligiousdogma,andrepresentativegovernmentinplaceofmonarchy.Enlightenmentthinkersandwritersweredevotedtotheidealsofjustice,liberty,andequalityashenaturalrightsofman.For:Freedom,DemocracyandReasonAgainst:Tyranny,Intolerance不容异说andSuperstition,II.Enlightenment,(4)Significance:acceleratingsocialprogress;(education)freeingpeoplefromthelimitationssetbyprevailingPuritanism;makingspiritualpreparationforAmericanRevolution,Puritanism:Godisall,andmanisnothing.Denymansnatureandpower;predestinedbyGod;seemanasasinfulfailure,In18thcenturypeoplebelievedinmansownnatureandpower.mancouldimprovehimself;wanttocreateahappysocietybasedonjusticeandfreedom,II.TheDeclarationofIndependence,Thefollowingstatementshavebecomeworld-famoussincethen:Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：造物者创造了平等的个人，并赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。,AmericanEnlightenment,(5)InfluenceonliteratureInform:imitatingEnglishclassicwritersremainderivativeanddependentIncontent:utilitariantendency功利主义(forpoliticaloreducationalpurpose）Politicalpurpose：Journals,speeches,pamphlets,broadsides,declaration（shapethenationsbeliefwithreasons）Aphorisms格言,almanac,letterspublicandprivate,AmericanEnlightenment,Definition:atermtodescribetheintellectualcultureoftheBritishNorthAmericancoloniesandtheearlyUnitedStates.ItwasapartofalargerintellectualmovementknownastheAgeofEnlightenment.Influencedbythescientificrevolutionofthe17thcentury,theenlightenmenttookscientificreasoningandappliedittohumannature,societyandreligion.PoliticallytheageisdistinguishedbyanemphasisuponLiberty,democracy,republicanismandreligioustolerance-culminatinginthedraftingoftheUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependence.Theattemptstoreconcilescienceandreligionresultedinawidespreadrejectionofprophecy,miracleandrevealedreligioninpreferenceforDeism.,BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790),HewasthesymbolofAmericaintheAgeofEnlightenment(AgeofReason).Hebroughtthecolonialeratoaclose.AmandefiningAmericanthinking;hisAutobiography,abookofAm.Dream“IfyouwouldnotbeforgottenassoonasyouaredeadTohavegoldentouch“Masterofeachandmasteredbynone”SuccessfulbusinessmanBorninapoorcandlemakersfamilyinBostonandhadnoregulareducation;Becameanapprenticetoaprinterwhenhewas12;Aneditorofanewspaperandpublishedlotsofessayswhenhewas16;HewenttoPhiladelphiawhenhewas17andbecameasuccessfulprinterandpublisher;,Wealthyat42,devoterestoflifetoscience,literature,diplomacy,ThebodyofBenjaminFranklin,Printer,lieshere,foodforworms,butEpitaph墓志铭onHimself(composedin1728),FranklinsContributionstoSociety,HumanitarianAmericanfirstcirculatinglibraryFoundUniversityofPennsylvaniaPostmasterofPhiladelphiaPhiladelphiahospitalPennsylvaniamilitia,Servinggodbestistocontributeyourtalenttothepeopleandcommunity,FranklinsContributionstoScience,Ascientistwithlotsofinventionsandafamousexperiment(kite,electricity,thunderstorm);firstappliedtheterms“positive”and“negative”toelectricalcharges.effectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices.,“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven.”andgiveitbacktohumans,FranklinsContributionstotheU.S.,astatesman,diplomat,negotiatorHeconductedthedifficultnegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:TheDeclarationofIndependence,TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance,TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland,TheConstitution,Amanofelasticityandsuppleness;viewfromdifferentangles;notsayItoooften;createastormofattentionesp.amongwomen,自传,格言历书,(4)awriter1.Works,TheAutobiographyPoorRichardsAlmanac,Anembodimentofthe“AmericanDream”,II.Literarycareer,Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression.Hisworksarewell-knownfortheirsimplicity,subtlehumorandbeingsarcastic.1.Representativeworks(1)PoorRichardsAlmanacModeledonfarmersannualcalendar;keptpublishingformanyyears;includesmanyclassicalsayings,suchas:“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”GodhelpthosewhohelpthemselvesHonestyisthebestpolicy,Whoisrich?Hethatiscontent.Whoisthat?Nobody.Threemaykeepasecret,iftwoofthemaredead.Ifyouwouldpersuade,youmustappealtointerestratherthanintellect.Youmaydelay,buttimewillnot.Searchothersfortheirvirtues,thyselfforthyvices.Contentmakespoormenrich;discontentmentmakesrichmenpoor.Energyandpersistenceconquerallthings.At20yearsofagethewillreigns,at30thewit,at40thejudgment.Glass,china,andreputationareeasilycracked,andneverwellmended.,II.Literarycareer,(2)TheAutobiographyWrittenwhenhewas65AnintroductionofhislifetohisownsonIncludingfourpartswrittenindifferenttimesThefirstsuccessstoryofself-madeAmericans;stillreadtoday;Firstgreatexample.Rags-to-richesstory.ApictureofhisearlylifeandstruggleMakeautobiographyagenre.,II.Literarycareer,InTheAutobiographywewillbeabletonotice:1)Puritanismsinfluence,suchasself-examinationandself-improvementahow-to-do-itbook(timetable,thirteenvirtues,lifestyle)Hardworkwasanethic,asteptowardsalvation;2)Enlightenmentspirits(mansnatureisgood,rightsofliberty,virtuesinclude“order”)asuccessstoryofself-reliance,thefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.Materiallifeisjustfine,happinessinreal,avirtue,II.Literarycareer,3)Style:fresh，simple,clearinorder,direct,vivid,truetolife,conciseandhumorous,utilitarian,witty,satirical,fair,notdullandamusing(“Nothingshouldbeexpressedintwowordsthatcanaswellbeexpressedinone.”)(Puritanismsinfluence);文笔清新流畅，叙述生动真实，充满时代气息，保留清教纯朴，简洁和精准的特点,567891011121