2015-2016学年高考英语二轮复习精品课件：专题二语法 第3讲定语从句(大纲版湖北专用)

,语法,第3讲定语从句,定语从句一直是高考测试的重点和热点。定语从句由关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as和关系副词where,when,why等引导，但须记住：1.what不能引导定语从句。2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。,Theoldmanwho/whom/thatwevisitedyesterdayisafamousartist.MissWangistakingcareofthechildwhoseparentshavegonetoBeijing.Themanwithwhommyfathershookhandsjustnowisourheadmaster.（=Themanwho/whomthatmyfathershookhandswithjustnowisourheadmaster.）,注：1.指人时关系代词有时只用who,不宜用that。先行词为one,ones或anyone等不定代词时ThecomradeIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkshard.先行词为these,those等指示代词时ThesewhoaregoingtoBeijingarethebeststudentsofourschool.在therebe开头的句子中Thereisastudentwhowantstoseeyou.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复Thestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisthemonitorwhoworkshard.在非限制性定语从句中Imetafriendofmineinthestreet,whohadjustcomefromJapan.2.主句以who开头的句子中,关系代词只用that,不用who。,1.Ilikethebookswhich/thatwerewrittenbyLuXun.2.Thedesks(which/that)wemadelastyearwereverygood.3.Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.(=Thisisthehousewhich/thatwelivedinlastyear.)4.Iliveintheroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.(=Iliveintheroom,thewindowsofwhichfacesouth.),注：1.在“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法中，关系代词只能用whom,which,不能用who或that。Thegirlaboutwhomtheyweretalkingisourmonitor.2.部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后。Isthisthebookwhichsheislookingfor?Thechildwho/whomsheislookingafterisWangPingsson.,注：3.指物时，下列情况只能用that，不宜用which。先行词为不定代词时，如：all,much,anything,everything,nothing,something,none,theone等。Wearewillingtodoanythingthatisgoodtothepeople.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。ThefirstbookthatIreadlastnightwasanEnglishnovel.先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。ThisisoneofthemostinterestingfilmsthatIhaveeverseen.,注：3.指物时，下列情况只能用that，不宜用which。如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物)。Weknownothingaboutthedoctorsandthehospitalsthatyouaretalkingabout.如果先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thesame,any,few,little,no,all,oneof,just修饰时。Thisistheonlybookthatcanbelenttoyou.当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时。Whichisthedictionarythatheusedyesterday?,注：4.指物时，下列情况只能用which，不宜用that。关系代词放在介词之后Thisisthefactoryinwhichweonceworked.非限制性定语从句中Thisisthebook,whichiswrittenbyLuXun.that，those作主语时ThosewhichareonthedeskareEnglishbooks.,注：5.先行词前有such,thesame,as时,关系代词用as，不用that,但thesameas表示相似的事物,thesamethat表示相同的事物。Heknowsasmanypeopleasarepresentatthemeeting.Suchpeopleasyourefertoarerarenowadays.,Allthestudentswhostudyhardhavepassed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的没及格。)Allthestudents,whostudyhardhavepassed.所有的学生都及格了，他们学习努力。（没有人不及格，这些学生都很努力。）,先研究下面两个例句：1.Thiselephantislikeasnake,as/whicheverybodycansee.=Aseverybodycansee,thiselephantislikeasnake.2.Tomdidntpassthephysicsexam,whichmadehisparentsveryangry.这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处：,1.在形式上，as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。2.在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如，就像”；而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如第2句。再如：,Hewaslateagain,as/whichwehadexpected.=Aswehadexpected,hewaslateagain.Thestreethasntbeenclearedforweeks,whichmakesitverydirty.（不用as）Hetakesexerciseeveryday,whichhasdonealotofgoodtohishealth.（不用as）Ashasalreadybeenpointedout,Englishisratherdifficultforaforeigner.,注意：在suchas,thesameas,as,asmany/Muchas等结构中,as不能用which代替。如：Suchbooksasthisaretoodifficultforbeginners.(这样的书对于初学者来说太难了。）=Bookssuchasthisare=BookslikethisareIliveinthesamebuildingashe(does).（同一幢楼）,3.两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。Asweallknow,theearthisround.当与such或thesame连用时，一般用as。Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.Ihavethesameplanasyou.,3.两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如beknown，besaid，bereported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.,这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。但如果oneof+复数名词这一结构前面带有theonly,thevery之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是one而不是那个复数名词。,1.HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsFrenchinourschool.(修饰theonlyone)HeisoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.(修饰theteachers)2.Thisistheonlyoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow.(修饰theonlyone)Thisisoneoftheroomsthatarefreenow.(修饰rooms),关系词是用在定语从句中来代替先行词的,选择关系词的关键是看先行词在定语从句中作何成分。作主语、宾语或表语时,用关系代词,指人用who(宾格用whom)或that,指物用which或that;如果作状语,则选用关系副词,分别用when,where,why代替时间、地点、原因状语;如果先行词在定语从句中作定语,则不管指人还是指物,都可用whose。,考点一:考查关系词的基本用法,（2009福建）Itshelpfultoputchildreninasituationtheycanseethemselvesdifferently.A.thatB.whenC.whichD.where,考查定语从句。先行词是situation，指物，亦可指地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，选D。,考点二:考查as和which引导非限制性定语从句,用来代替整个主句或主句中的一部分内容的用法,（2009山东）WheneverImether,wasfairlyoften,shegreetedmewithasweetsmile.A.whoB.whichC.whenD.that,非限制性定语从句，指代前面一个句子，故用which。,考点三:“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法,当先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,往往可以把介词放在关系代词之前,构成“介词+关系代词(whom/which)”结构。但一些短语动词(如lookafter等)中的介词不能与动词分开,故不能放在关系代词之前。,（2009陕西）GuncontrolisasubjectAmericanshavearguedforalongtime.A.ofwhichB.withwhichC.aboutwhichD.intowhich,考查定语从句，先行词是Guncontrol，指物，关系词在从句中作介词的宾语，介词前置，介词与从句动词构成搭配argueaboutsth，选C。,考点四：分隔式定语从句的用法,定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面,但有些时候也会被同位语、状语、谓语、其他定语等成分分隔。此时能够理清句子结构,慧眼识别先行词就显得特别重要。,（2009四川）Shellneverforgetherstaythereshefoundhersonwhohadgonemissingtwoyearsbefore.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when,考查定语从句的用法。herstay为先行词，可以理解为