2010年高考英语精品语法辅导课件-定语从句

标题,学校：教师：,定语从句,TheAttributiveClauses,定义(Definition)：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。结构：,先行词关系词从句,定语从句分为定语从句和定语从句,限制性,非限制性,(1).限制性定语从句:对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不用逗号隔开,也不能省略,否则句意就不完整.TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.,2).非限制性定语从句:只是对先行词做补充说明,没有限定作用,与先行词的关系也比较松散,如果省略,原句意义仍然完整,常用逗号与主句隔开.Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.注：下列场合下只用非限制性定语从句：1）在一定范围或前提下，所谈对象是唯一的；The29thOlympicGames,whichwasheldinBeijing,wascertainlyagreatsuccess.2）谈话双方皆知道的所指对象Maoisatthelibrary,whereweoftenborrowbooks.,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：,Godhelpsthose(先行词)whohelpthemselves（定语从句）.b.Ilikethegirl（先行词）whospeaksEnglishverywell.c.Youmustdoeverything(先行词)thatIdo.（定语从句）d.Hehasanelderbrother先行词）,whoisnowservinginthearmy（定语从句）.e.Thebuilding(先行词isstillingoodcondition,whereweoncelived（定语从句）.,关系词的作用：A.引导定语从句；B.代替C.在从句里,先行词,担任成分,Jointhefollowingsentences:ThegirlisMary.Wesawheryesterday.wesawyesterdayisMary.,Thegirl,that/who/whom,Correctthemistakes,1.Underthebigtreeare34students,manyofthemcomefromclasstwo.2.Mymotherhasagoodbook,whichcoverlooksterrible.3.Thisistheverypenthatyougaveittomebefore.4.Thereisanoldwoman,thatisholdingastick.,whom,whose,it,who,关系词的选择原则关系词的选择根据关系词在从句中所作的成份决定。若关系词在从句中作主语,宾语,定语或表语，选用关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose）；若关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词（where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。,关系代词who,whom,that的使用,先行词指人时：1）在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that，不可省略；2）在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that，在限制性定语从句中可以省略；3)在定语从句中作表语时，用that，不可省略,关系代词which,that的使用,先行词指物时：1）在定语从句中作主语时，用which/that，不可省略；2）在定语从句中作宾语时，用which/that,在限制性定语从句中可以省略；3)在定语从句中作表语时，用that，不可省略,whose引导的定语从句,表示所属关系,Theriver_banksarecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.,whose,Whose的使用,在定语从句中作定语时，用whose，不可省略,whose（所属关系，指人或物，作定语）=或,Thisisthebookwhosecover/(thecoverofwhich/ofwhichthecover)isbroken.,Thereareinthisclass20students,_aredifferent.A.whosebackgroundsB.thebackgroundsofwhomC.ofwhomthebackgroundsD.thebackgroundsofwhose,the+名词+ofwhich/whom,ofwhich/whom+the+名词,Sheisthegirlwho/thatlivesnextdoor.Thatsthegirl(whom/who/that)Iteach.Thisisthescientistwhoseachievementsarewell-known.Thisisthehousewhosewindowbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,ofwhichthewindowbrokelastnight.,练习：用关系代词who,whom,that或whose填空。28.Luxun,_realnamewasZhouShuren,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.29.Theman_youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.30.Theman_iswalkingontheplaygroundismyoldfriend.31.Achild_parentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.,whose,who/whom/that,who/that,whose,when,where,why与that,which的区分,）Illneverforgettheday_wefirstmetinthepark.）Illneverforgetthetime_Ispentwithyou.）Illneverforgetthetime_wasspentwithyou.）Thisisthemuseum_Ivisitedlastyear.,when,whichthat,whichthat,whichthat,先行词指时间，地点或原因时，定语从句中缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。,Thisisthereason_(=forwhich)Ididntcomehere.Thereason_shegavewasnottrue.,why,which/that,1).关系词所做的成分关键是由从句中的动词来决定Thisistheplacewherewework.(vi)Thisistheplacewhichwevisited.(vt)2).当先行词为时间名词（如time,day,year,week,month,occasion）用关系副词when,但关系副词只能做状语，如果从句中缺主语或宾语则要视具体情况用that或which。当先行词为地点名词（如：place,room,city,country,situation,case,scene）时，用关系副词where,但此时只能做地点状语，如果定语从句缺主语或宾语则要视具体情况用that或which。,Conclusion:,当先行词为way、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合）Idontlikethewaythat/inwhich/hetalks.当time作先行词时，在特定的句式中，可用that作关系副词,关系词可以省掉。Thisisthefirsttime(that)IhavegivenyoualessoninFrench.,练习：用that,when,why,where,which填空。Iwanttoknowthedate_youwereborn.2.Ihaverememberedthedate_Iforgotjustnow.3.Doyouknowthereason_heisabsenttoday?4.Thatisthereason_Iwanttoknow.5.Thisisthefactory_hisfatherworks.6.Thisisthefactory_hisfatherbuilt.,when,that/which,why,that/which,where,that/which,7.-Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourselves?-Yes,thisistheonlyonepoint_wemustinsiston.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.when答案:B8.Somepre-schoolchildrengotoadaycarecenter,_theylearnsimplegamesandsongs.A.thenB.thereC.whileD.where答案:D9.Thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivity_sightmattersmorethanhearing.A.whenB.whoseC.whichD.where答案:D,10Manypeoplewhohadseenthefilmwereafraidtogototheforestwhentheyrememberedthescenes_peoplewereeatenbythetiger.A.inwhichB.bywhichC.whichD.that答案:A11Theplace_thebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbe_thecross-rivertrafficistheheaviest.A.which;whereB.atwhich;whichC.atwhich;whereD.which;inwhich答案:C,12.（05天津卷）Lastmonth,partofSoutheastAsiawasstruckbyfloods,from_effectsthepeoplearestillsuffering.A.thatB.whoseC.thoseD.what答案：B13.(06福建卷)Lookout!Dontgettooclosetothehouse_roofisunderrepair.A.whoseB.whichC.ofwhichD.that答案：AWhose引导的定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。,各种关系词的区别：1、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时,下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which（1）先行词是all,everything,nothing,anything,little,much,theone等不定代词时Thereisnothing(that)Icando.Imeantheonethatwasbroughtyesterday.(2)先行词被all,any,every,no,some,little,much等词修饰时Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.Youmaytakehomeanyofthesebooksthatyoulike.,(3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.Thisisthebestnovel(that)Ihaveeverread.（4）先行词中既有人又有物时。Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.（5）当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.,（6）在疑问词who,what,which开头的句子中。（避免歧义）WhoisthegirlthatistalkingwithMr.Brown？Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?(7)当主句以Therebe结构开头时Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.(8)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词若用了which，另个一个宜用thatTheysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.,2只能用which的情况1).引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。Brucewenttowardsthefire,whichwasstillsmoking.Tomcamebacklate,whichmadehisparentsveryangry.2).在介词后面:介词+which(先行词是物)Theworldinwhichweliveismadeofmatter.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如lookafter,bemadeof,takepartin,lookforwardto等。例：Thisisthepen(which/that)Imlookingfor.不可以说：ThisisthepenforwhichImlookingfor.,3）当主句中的主语被that修饰时ThatdogwhichIfoundinthestreetbelongstoMary.4）当关系词后面带有插入语时Iveboughtyousomebookswhich,Ithink,mayinterestyou.练习：用关系代词which或that填空。12Isthereanything_youdontunderstandabouttheproblem?,(that),13.Theworstmatter_Imafraidofhappenedintheend.14.Allthepresents_yourfriendsgaveyouonyourbirthdayshouldbeputaway.15.Thisistheverybook_Ihavebeenlookingfor.16.Hewaslatefortheopeningceremony,_wasverysurprisingtome.,(that),(that),(that),which,17.Nothing_canbedonehasbeendone.18.Doyouhaveanything_youdontunderstand?,先行词是everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none等不定代词，引导定语从句用that,that,that,19.ThisisthebestTV_ismadeinChina.20.Thefirstmuseum_hevisitedinChinawastheHistoryMuseum.,that,that,先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，引导定语从句用that。,21.Ivereadallthebooks_youlentme.,that,先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last修饰时,引导定语从句用that。,22.Thefamouswriterandhisworks_theradiobroadcasthavearousedgreatinterestamongthestudents.23.Avictimisaperson,animalorthing_sufferspain,death,harm,etc.,先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that.,that,that,24.Who_youhaveeverseencandoitbetter?,Who做先行词时，引导定语从句用that,that,25.Herbag,in_sheputallhermoney,hasbeenstolen.26.Thisistheringon_shespent1000dollars.27.XiaoWang,with_Iwenttotheconcert,enjoyitverymuch.,which,which,whom,在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom,指人时只能用who不用that的情况.1)先行词为one,ones或anyone.(避免歧义)Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.2)先行词为those.(避免歧义)Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.(天助自主者)3)主句是therebe.Eg:ThereisamanwhocalledhimselfMr.Wuatthegate.4）当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行词都为人时Thestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisthemonitorwhoworkshard.5)在非限制性定语从句中指人Imetafriendofmineinthestreet,whohadjustcomebackfromAmerican.6）定语从句中有插入语时JacksonisamanwhoIbelieveishonest.,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which（指物）或whom（指人），即：介词+which/whom,1、介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只用which或whom，关系代词不能省略。Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostofwhichhadntbeencleanedforatleastayear.Inthedarkstreet,therewasntasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.,2.当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which（指物），that/whom/who（指人）作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。Thisisthehero(that/who/whom)weareproudof.Thisisthepen(whichthat)Iwrotetheletterwith.,3.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.但含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，如lookafter,bemadeof,takepartin,lookforwardto等。例：Thebabies(who/whom)thenurseslookafterlookstrongandhappy.4.介词+which/whom+不定式结构Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichtolive.=Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.=Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive.,不定代词、数词等+which/whom引导的定语从句。Theoldmanhasthreechildren,oneofwhomisasoldier.Therearetwowindowsinthisroom,bothofwhicharebroken.比较下列句子：Weareofferedovertwothousandbooks,manyofwhicharesciencebooks.复合句Weareofferedovertwothousandbooks,andmanyofthemaresciencebooks.并列句Weareofferedovertwothousandbooks,manyofthembeingsciencebooks.简单句,1）、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配,Thisisthebook_whichyouasked,注意：动词短语不能拆开即介词不能提前,for,TheoldmanwhomIamlookingafterisbetter.,如何判断介词,2）、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配,Hereferredmetosomereferencebooks_whichIamnotveryfamiliar.,with,如何判断介词,3）、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词搭配,Thisisourclassroom,_whichthereisateachersdesk.,inthefrontof,如何判断介词,4.先行词与介词的习惯搭配当先行词表示“领域、方面”时，如：aspect,respect,area,field等，用inwhich；当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度”时，如rate,price,speed等,用atwhich当先行词表示“程度”时，如degree,extent等，用towhich.当先行词表示“根据、依据、基础”时，如grounds,foundation,basis等，用onwhich.,填上适当的介词+关系代词1.Heistheman_Ithinkyoucandepend.2.Hereferredmetosomereferencebooks_whichIamnotveryfamiliar.3.Hemadeaholeinthewall,_hecouldseewhatwasgoingonoutsidethehouse.4.Thelibrarian_Ijustshookhandsworksheartandsoul.5.Thecommentsontheirproduct,_thisisoneexample,areverysharp.,onwhom,withwhich,throughwhich,withwhom,ofwhich,Thisissuchaninterestingbook_wealllike.Thisissointerestingabook_wealllike.,as,as,这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。,定语从句,as的使用,ThisisthesamebookasIlost.ThisisthesamebookthatIlost.,这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。,这本书就是我丢的那本。,as与that的使用,相关考点：so/suchthat(状语从句)SheissobeautifulagirlthatIlovehersomuch.(状语从句)SheissobeautifulagirlasIlovesomuch.（定语从句）,Thisissuchaninterestingbook_wealllike.Thisissointerestingabook_wealllikeit.,as,that,这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。,定语从句,as与that的使用,结果状语从句,as与which的区别：1)限制性定语从句中,名词前有such,so,as和thesame修饰时，关系代词用as,表达“正如，像”,不能用which;as可以指人或物,作从句的主语、宾语、表语或介词的宾语。Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Dontreadsuchbooksasyoucantunderstand.ThisisnotsuchabookasIexpected.Iliveinthesamebuildingashe(livesin).Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.Asmanychildrenascamehereweremyfatherspupils.,2)非限制性定语从句中,as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，像”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，常与行为动词连用，并无“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywerelateagain,whichmadetheteacherangry.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.,1.Itisveryusefultomasteraforeignlanguage,_hasbeensaidbefore.,as,2_everyonehoped,Maryhaswonthefirstprize.,As,as的使用,as的用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：1ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述2asmaybeimagined正如可以想象出来的那样3asiswellknown众所周知4aswasexpected正如预料的那样5ashasbeenalreadypointedout正如已经指出的那样6asweallcansee正如我们都会看到的那样7.asismentionedabove正如上面提到的8.asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样,定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致。例如：1.Herearesuchsentencesasareoftenusedbythestudents.(as指代sentences,谓语动词用are)。2.I,whoamaPartymember,shouldworkhardforourcountry.(who指代I,谓语用am.)。3.Hewasoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedforit.(who指代thestudents)他是被表扬的学生之一。4.Hewastheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaspraisedforit.(who指theonlyone)他是唯一被表扬的学生。,定语从句中的动词的数,Heistheonlyoneinhisclasswho_(have)gottheteacherspraiseHeisoneofthestudentsinhisclasswho_(have)gottheteacherspraise,has,have,关系词在定语从句中做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于先行词,易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句1.定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“的”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较：Weallhaveheardthenewsthatourteamwon.(同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that在从句中不作任何成分)Wedontbelievethenewsthat/whichhetoldusyesterday.(定语从句，that作told的宾语),2.定语从句与状语从句。试比较：Heleftthekeywherehehadbeenanhourbefore.(where引导地点状语从句，相当于intheplacewhere)Helefttheplacewherehelivedformanyyears.(where引导定语从句，修饰theplace)Heissuchagoodteacherasallofusloveandrespect.(as引导定语从句)Heissuchagoodteacherthatwealllikehim.(that引导结果状语从句,suchthat“如此以致”),3定语从句与主语从句。试比较：Asisknowntousall,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.(as引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首)ItisknowntousallthatpaperwasfirstmadeinChina.(it做形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句)4定语从句与强调结构。试比较：ItisthehousewhereImettheyoungman.(where引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)ItwasinthehousethatImettheyoungman.(本句为强调结构，可还原为Imettheyoungmaninthehouse.),六.定语从句可缩略为短语：1、缩略为分词短语有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词（who,which,例如：Iknowthemen(whoare)sittinginthatcar.2)Theboyshelpedthepeople(thatwere)hurtintheaccident.3)Theproblem(whichis)botheringeverybodyisthelackofmoney.4)Thebook(thathasbeen)giventohimisanEnglishnovel.有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。例如：,5)ThemanwhoownsthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparkingThemanowningthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking.6)Bill,whohadtakenchemistryinhighschool,offeredtohelphim.Bill,havingtakenchemistryinhighschool,offeredtohelphim.7)Now,however,thefurniturewhichisbeingcarrieddowntothetruckfeelsveryheavy.Now,however,thefurniturebeingcarrieddowntothetruckfeelsveryheavy.,2、缩略为形容词短语若定词从句为主体表结构，且表语由形容短词充当，可直接略去作主词的关系代词和连系动词，从而使定词从句缩略为形容词短语作后置定语。例如：Themen(whowere)responsiblefortheadministrationoftheschoolrefusedtoconsiderthematter.2).WesaidgoodbyetoMrs.Long,(whowas)stillbusyatherchores.3).Thepuppy,(whichwas)tooexcitedtobecalmed,barkedfuriously.,3缩略为名词短语由名词短语作表语的非限制性定语从句略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词便成为名词短语作同位语。例如：1）Thecompanycommander,(whowas)CaptainMadison,assembledhismenandannouncedtheirmission.连长,墨迪逊上尉,把战士们集合起来宣布他们的战斗任务。2）YoushouldhaveatalkwithMr.Worth,(whois)theadvisertostudents.你应该和沃斯先生-学生顾问谈一谈。3)WefinallyreachedRio,(whichwas)theendorourjourney.,4缩略为介词短语若定语从句为主系表句型，且表语为介语短语，可略去主语关系代词和连系动词，使之缩略为介词短语作后置定语。此外，若定语从句中含“有”动词（has,have,had），用介词with/without取替定语从句中主语关系代词和“有”动词，使定语从句缩略为介词with/without短语作后置定语。With适用于肯定的定语从句；without适用于否定的定语从句。,例如：1).Thecompanywantsmenwhohaveexperience.Thecompanywantsmenwithexperience.2）Myfatherwentuptothewomanwhohadabookunderherarm.Myfatherwentuptothewomenwithabookunderherarm.3）Theteacherwaslookingforarulethatdidnothaveanexception.Theteacherwaslookingforarulewithoutanexception.,5、缩略为动词不定式短词某些含情态动词或助动词的定语从句可缩略为动词不定式短语作后置定语。例如：1）Youneedsomeonewhocanlookafteryou.2)Thewayyoushouldstartthemachineistopressthebutton.3)Therearestillmanyobstaclesthatmustbeovercome.4)Thequestionwhichwillbediscussedtomorrowiswhetherincometaxshouldbeincreased.5)Thereareplentyoftoyswithwhichthechildrencanplay.,能力提高,1.Itistheyoungman_lookedfor_caughtthemurderer.A.thatwhoB.thattheyC.theythatDtheywhich,2.Isthisfactory_wevisitedlastyear?A.whereBinwhichCtheo