2011届高考英语语法：非谓语动词

1.Hestoodthere,tiredfromawholedayofwork,thinkingofawaytoescapefromtheconstructionsite.2.Thenewsconference,tobeheldinthathall,hasalreadybeencrowdedwithreporters.3.HavingreachedtheverypeakoftheEverest,theclimberscheeredagainstthefiercenorthwind.4.Hekeepsbuyingexpensivemaps.Hemusthavemorethan200bynow.5.Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.6.ThemantalkingwithmyfatherisMr.Wang.,状语,状语,(宾语)补语,定语,定语,宾语,找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）,不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。还可以有自己的宾语和状语构成非谓语短语在句中一起做成分。主要形式：不定式tododoingdone,(not)tomake,(not)tohavemade,(not)tobemaking,(not)tohavebeenmaking,(not)tobemade,(not)tohavebeenmade,否定形式:not+-ing的形式,-ing：(do),过去分词:,done,doing,beingdone,havingdone,havingbeendone,2.看“_”上要填的非谓语动词与相关的名或代词（多是主语）的逻辑关系主谓关系动宾关系,非谓语动词解题一般思路,1.分析句子成分，看“_”上要填谓语还是非谓语,towritetobewrittentobewritingtohavewrittentohavebeenwrittenwritingbeingwrittenhavingwrittenhavingbeenwrittenwritten,非谓语动词的比较,作主语的区别不定式作主语表示具体动作Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)+ing作主语通常表示抽象动作；Smokingisprohibitedhere这里禁止抽烟。(抽象),不定式和+ing,作表语的区别,（1）不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来动作。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.Hiswishistobuyacarinthenearfuture.,(2)动名词作表语表示抽象的一般性的行为。Ourworkisservingthepeople.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.,(3)分词作表语.表示心理状态的动词加上ing变成现在分词,译为“令人的”,加上ed变成过去分词,译为“感到.”Interesting/interesteddelighting/delightedexciting/excitedDisappointing/disappointedTravellingisinterestingbuttiring.Theywereveryexcitedatthenews,不定式、动名词和分词,3作宾语,英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式.但有些动词要求:,A只能加不定式作宾语的动词:affordagreeappearaskattemptbegchoosedecidedemanddesigndesiredetermineexpectfailHappenhopemanageplanwishpretendrefuse,B只能加动名词作宾语的动词：admitappreciateavoidconsiderdelayenjoyescapefinishimaginekeepmindmisspermitpractisepreventrisksuggeststandallowadviseforbidneedrequire,C有些动词后使用动名词和不定式作宾语的意思差别：,forgettodo/forgetdoingstoptodo/stopdoingremembertodo/doingregrettodo/doingtrytodo/doingmeantodo/doing,D有些动词使用动名词和不定式意思无差别,love，like，hate，prefer，intend，start，continue,不定式和动名词,E这些常用的词组要求用动名词作宾语,canthelpcantstandbeworthdevotetolookforwardtosticktobeusedtoobjecttobebusyfeellikegetdownto,3动词不定式和动名词作宾语比较（1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：want，wish，hope，manage，demand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect等。Weagreed_here，butsofarshehasntturnedupyet（NMET1995）AhavingmetBmeetingCtomeetDtohavemet,C,（2）有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，forgive，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，resist，risk，suggest，deny等。Thesquirrelwassoluckythatitjustmissed_（MET1987）AcatchingBtobecaughtCbeingcaughtDtocatchIwouldappreciate_backthisafternoon（MET1992）AyoutocallByoucallCyoucallingDyourecalling,C,C,（3）有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词，意义上无多大区别，如：love，like，hate，prefer，intend，start，continue等。Iintendtofinishfinishingthetaskthismorning,注意问题,1.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1）forgettodoforgetdoing2）stoptodostopdoing3）remembertodorememberdoing4)regrettodoregretdoing5）trytodotrydoing,忘记要去做某事（此事未做）,忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）,停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事,停止正在或经常做的事,记住去做某事（未做）,记得做过某事(已做),对要做的事遗憾,对做过的事遗憾、后悔,努力、企图做某事,试验、试一试某种办法,注意问题,1.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别6)meantodomeandoing7）goontodogoondoing,打算，有意要,意味着,继而（去做另外一件事情）,继续（原先没有做完的事情）,（4）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词，但意义上有区别，如：forget，remember，mean，regret，stop，try等。ThelightintheofficeisstillonOh，Iforgot_（MET1991）AturningitoffBturnitoffCtoturnitoffDhavingturneditoffYouwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeetingWell，nowIregret_that（NMET1995）AtodoBtobedoingCtohavedoneDhavingdone,C,D,做宾补的区别有些使役动词及感官动词后如let,make,have,hear,see,feel,notice,watch,observe等动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作,宾语与动词不定式是主动关系Justthenheheardsomeonesinginthenextroom.现在分词说明宾语的动作正在进行，宾语与现在分词是主动关系Thenheheardsomeonesinginginthenextroom.过去分词说明宾语与过去分词是被动关系Hehadhisbikerepairedyesterday.Hefoundhiswatchstolen.,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,作宾补:Wesawtheteacher_.（做实验）Iveneverheardthesong_(用英语唱）,doingtheexperiment,sunginEnglish,4作定语,不定式作定语。A不定式与其所修饰的名词是主谓关系。例：Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.ThetraintoarrivewasfromLondon.B不定式与其所修饰的名词是动宾关系。Gethimsomethingtoeat.Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.C不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系。这里的介词不能省去。Ineedapentowritewith.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.,不定式、现在分词和过去分词,分词作定语,特点：1现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动含义。2现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或已完成的事。,Herushedintotheburninghouse.Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother.Theroomfacingsouthisourclassroom.Heisanadvancedteacher.,不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系：一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。,跳舞的女孩被毁的房屋下落的树叶落叶,Afallingleaf,Thereisariveraroundourschool（run).Thewatchnowishers(repair).Heisateacherbyallhisstudents(like).Americaisacountry(develop).,running,beingrepaired,liked,developed,adancinggirl,Afallenleaf,（过去分词表完成）,现在分词表主动,Adestroyedhouse,过去分词表被动,现在分词表进行,做定语的区别不定式表示即将发生的动作,Thebuilding_nextmonthisourlibrary.现在分词表示现在发生的动作,Thebuilding_nowisourlibrary.过去分词表示已经发生的动作.Thebuilding_lastyearisourlibrary.,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,tobebuilt,beingbuilt,built,做状语的区别不定式作状语一般表示目的,结果或原因:TheystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplanTheboyisnottallenoughtoreachthebookshelfWearegladtohearthenews.分词作状语放在句子开头，表示原因时间或条件。分词作状语放在后面一般表示伴随,TheystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplanNotknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Thepopsingercametomeethisfans,followedbytwobodyguards.,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,分词作状语与主语的关系,Not_whattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.(know)_fromthehill,thetownlooksverybeautiful.(see),分词作状语时前面可用连词,When,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句，若其主语与句子主语相同时，可保留该连接词，其余部分则简化为分词短语。,Whilewalkingalongthestreetearlyinthemorning,hesawher.Onceseen,itwillneverbeforgotten.Eventhoughgiveneverychance,theywouldnottry.,knowing,Seen,表目的：Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.注意不定式作状语放于句首时，不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.,2)SinceIamastudent,Imuststudyhard.Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.Aswewerenotsatisfiedwiththeresult,wedecidedtodotheexperimentagain.Notsatisfiedwiththeresult,wedecidedtodotheexperimentagain.3)Iftimepermits,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.Ifheisallowed,hewouldeatallthefoodinthehouse.Ifallowed,hewouldeatallthefoodinthehouse.,原因,4)Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,_（说说笑笑）Heenteredtheroom,_(后面跟着女朋友）,talkingandlaughing,followedbyhisgirlfriend,因为他病了，所以他没有上学。Ashewasill,hedidntgotoschool.=Beingill,hedidntgotoschool.因为他们希望能够得到你的支持，所以给你写了一封信。Astheyhopedtogetyoursupport,theywroteyoualetter.=Hopingtogetyoursupport,theywroteyoualetter.,_moreattention，thetreescouldhavegrownbetter（MET1990）AGivenBTogiveCGivingDHavinggiven,A,非谓语动词常考的其它结构,1疑问词+不定式结构。疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语。,Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.Idontknowwhattoknow.Thedifficultywashowtocrosstheriver.Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.,(主语）,（宾语）,（表语）,（宾语）,有时疑问词前可用介词，如：Ihavenoideaofhowtodoit.,动词不定式的几个重要时态,1不定式的完成式常在动词appear,happen,pretend,seem等之后体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。,Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Sheseemedtohaveforgottenherpromise.Hepretendedtohavereadthebook.,2,但在be,wish,intend,mean,plan,hope,expect,should或wouldlike等动词之后，则表示没有实现的行为。,Heplannedtohavegoneabroad.Ihopedtohaveseenher.Iwouldliketohavehadyourhelp.Theenemyexpectedtohavefoundhim.Iintendedtohavefinishedmyworklastnight.Weweretohavesailednextmorning.,他原计划出国。（但他没有去）,我们本定于第二天早上启航,不定式进行式和完成进行式,不定式进行式表示其主要谓语动词所代表的动作发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生；不定式完成进行式表示其动词所代表的动作，在主要谓语动词所代表的动作之前一直在进行。,Whenhecamein,Ihappenedtobedoingmyexperimentinthelab.Theyaresaidtohavebeenquarrellingmanyyears.,不定式的被动式：,Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.,3.有时“with(without)+名词（或代词宾格）+分词的结构表示伴随状况的独立主格结构。eg.1)Withhishomeworkfinishedaheadoftime,hebegantoplaycomputer.2)Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.,非谓语动词中的句型1）Doing.+v.Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。2)Itis+nouse/good(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,.)等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecrying.哭没有用。3)Thereisnouse(good/point/sense/harm)+doingsth做某事没用Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk,4)在want,need,require等动词后,常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思。例如：Myhairneedscutting.(=Myhairneedstobecut.)5)在某些固定结构Generally/Franklyspeaking,Judgingfrom/by中，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词Judgingbyhisdress,hecomesfromawealthyfamily.Franklyspeaking,Idontlikehimatall.,_lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingslept2001春季高考第21题,Multiplechoice,2._aletterfromherparents,Lilyisnowlookingforwardto_fromthem.Havingnotreceived;hearB.Notreceived;hearC.Nothavingreceived;hearingD.Receivingnot;hearing,V/phrases+ing:appreciate;avoid;canthelp;consider;enjoy;escape;finish;giveup;imagine;insiston;keep(on);mind;missdevoteoneselfto;payattentionto;beusedto;getdownto,B,因为主语是thepurpose，在（purpose,wish,promise,plan）后常跟不定式，故表语要用不定式，to不能省略，因此构成thepurposeistonottodo句型，故选B。,Iveworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_inmyjob.A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects,B,10.Themissingboyswerelastseen_neartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay,11.Thefirsttextbooks_forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written,12.-Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.-Well,nowIregret_that.A.todob.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone,13.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto,14.-WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?-_hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing,D,常和不定式完成式连用的动词还有：,Wouldlove,meant,hoped,planned,expected,promised,wish等,例如：Imeanttohavetelephonedyou,butIforgot.,A,C,该题考查不定式的否定式作主补。要注意warn后跟词方式，warnsb.nottodosth.warnsb.againstdoingsth.该题应该用结构。两外，not应放在to之前。,在大多数的动词可接不定式短语做宾补，只有少数动词（五个看see,watch,notice,observe,lookat；三使役make,let,have;二听listento,hear等）须接不带to的不定式做宾补。,C,1.该题考查过去分词作状语的用法。动词-ing或过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语应是主语。,2.“陷入深思”有两种表达法，A.LoseoneselfinthoughtB.belostinthought,按句子提供的语境可用结构B.,该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语的用法。Theplan与carryout的关系是被动关系。Seesth.done这结构常见的还有watch(notice,observe,have和make)sth.done.,C,4.Ithappened_whenIgotoffthebus.torainB.rainingC.toberainingD.rained5.Imglad_achance_yourfactory.tohavegiven;tovisitB.tohavebeengiven;tovisitC.togive;tovisitD.tobegiven;visiting6.I_toschool,only_thatitwasaholiday.A.hurry;tofindB.hurried;tofindC.hadhurried;findingD.havehurried;finding,5.Howaboutthetwoofus_awalkdownthegarden?A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking,6._downtheradio-thebabysasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn,7.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered_thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented,8.-Imustapologizefor_aheadoftime.-Thatsallright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow,9.Ratherthan_onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers_abicycle.A.ride;rideB.riding;rideC.ride;torideD.toride;riding,10.Themissingboyswerelastseen_neartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay,11.Thefirsttextbooks_forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written,12.-Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.-Well,nowIregret_that.A.todob.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone,13.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto,14.-WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?-_hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing,1._blackandblue,theladycouldntmove.A.BeatenB.BeatingC.TobebeatenD.Tobeat2.Mostofthemen_tothepartywerefromtown.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited3.WhenIgotback,Isawamessage_tothedoor_“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”A.pin,readB.pinning,readingC.pinned,readingD.pinned,read4.Withalotofdifferentproblems_,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled5.Withalotofdifferentproblems_,thenewly-electedpresidentisverypleased.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled,6._poorinEnglish,ImafraidIcantmakemyself_.A.Tobe;understandB.Im;tounderstandC.Being;understandingD.Being；understood7._theroom,thenursefoundthetape-recorder_.A.Entering;stealingB.Entering;goneC.Tohaveentered;beingstolenD.Havingentered;tobestolen8.Englishisalanguage_inmanycountries.A.spokenB.speakingC.bespokenD.tospeak9.Ishouldsaysorrytohim.Iregret_tohelphimthatday.A.refusingB.torefuseC.refusedD.refuse10.ProfessorLiisoftenseen_somethinginhisoffice.A.towriteB.writeC.wroteD.written,11.Doyoustillremember_toyourhometowntenyearsago?A.takenB.totakeC.tobetakenD.beingtaken12.Sheisnotused_inthecity.A.toliveB.tolivingC.tohavelivedD.live13.Hurryup!Heissure_usatthegate.A.waitingB.towaitC.tobewaitingD.tobewaitingfor14._everywhere,thewolveshadnowhere_themselves.A.Hunting;hidingB.Tohunt;tohideC.Hunted;hidingD.Hunted;tohide15.Thisisa_car.A.useB.usingC.tobeus