主旨大意题目的解题技巧czc.ppt

2015阅读理解解题技巧主旨大意题,陈志超Dec.25th,2014,Leading-in：letsenjoyajoke.,Jack:God,mayIsmokewhenIamreadingtheBible(圣经)？God：No,youmustnt.AdaylaterJack:God,mayIreadtheBiblewhenIamsmoking?God:Oh,ofcourseyoucan.Goahead.,Question:Whatcanyoulearnfromthejoke？,考试大纲的说明英语要求考生读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等。考生应能：（1）理解主旨和要义；（2）理解具体信息；（3）根据上下文推测生词词义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文段的基本逻辑结构；（6）理解作者的意图和态度；,Presentation,主旨大意题常有以下5种命题方式：1.段意型（也有考句子主要意思的，但较少）Whatsthemainidea/point/themeofparagraph3?2.文章主旨型Whatsthemainidea/pointofthepassage?Whatsmainlytalkedaboutinthepassage?3.标题型（thebesttitle）4.文章结构型（structure）Howisthepassageorganized/developed?5.写作意图型(mainpurpose,intention)Whatsthepurposeofthepassage?Thepassageismeantto_.,3.details,2.Paragraphideas,1.Passageidea,每一篇短文都是一颗枝叶分明的树，主次清晰，相互联系。,每一段话，每一句话也是如此。,一.段意型:能分析句子间的逻辑关系，抓住关键词句领会段意。这也是做好所有主旨大意题目的最重要的能力。Task1.分析长句，分清主次，把握句子主要意思1.Intheirskins,coralshavetinyplantswhichactasdustmen,takingsomeofthewasteproductsfromthecoralandgivinginreturnoxygenwhichtheanimalneedsverymuchtobreathe.本句主要意思：,Practice1把握长句及段意,2.Whereasawomansclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage，itwasntunusualtohearamansayhedidntknowhisfriendsmarriagewasinserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecouldsleeponthesofa.本句主要意思：,7,3.“Ididntwanttolecture,butIwantedotherdiabeticstoknowthatthingsgetbetterwhenwereselfcontrolledanddoourpartinmanagingthedisease.”本句的主要意思：Summary:如何把握一个长句的主要意思？,技巧：去除从句，非谓语等定语和状语后，句子主干即为句子主要意思，如有but，but后为主要意思。,B,牛刀小试：Whenfirstentered,VanakRestaurantdoesnotlooklikemuchofarestaurant,butoncethepleasantsmellsofkabob(烤肉串)hitthesenses,youareincapableofcallingitanythingless.(2011湖南卷A篇)56.Whenfirstenteringtherestaurant,onecanfindthatit_.A.issplendidlydecoratedB.haspleasantsmellsofkabobsC.iscrowdedwithdiningtablesD.lookslikeacommonrestaurant,Task2理解段落内句子间关系，分清主次，找出或总结出段意,1.TruckdriverColm,35,sufferedamysteryallergicreactiononSaturdayandwastakentohospital,butwassenthomeonlyforittohappenagainthenextday.Thesecondattackwassoseriousthathisairwayswelled,preventinghimfrombreathing,hisbloodpressuredroppedsuddenly,andhisheartstoppedforamoment.（2014四川C）41.WhatdoesParagraph8mainlytalkabout?A.WhatColmsuffered.B.Colmspresentcondition.C.WhatcausedColmsallergy.D.SymptomsofColmsallergicreaction.,A,思路：本段是叙述九岁小女孩对父亲实施急救后的一个追述，只有两句话，去掉枝叶即TruckdriverColm,35,sufferedamysteryallergicreaction.Thesecondattackwasserious.第二句话实际上是对第一句的补充，是次要句子。第一句（主谓宾）对应答案A。,2.Thiscraft-basedtheoryisrootedinhistory.WilliamMorris,theEnglishartistandwriter,turnedbacktopre-industrialartsintheeighteen-sixties,justaftertheIndustrialRevolution.TheArtsandCraftsmovementdefineditselfagainstmachines.“Withoutcreativehumanoccupation,peoplebecamedisconnectedfromlife,”Morrissaid.（2014浙江C）52.ThemainideaofParagraph5isthathumanbeings_.A.havedestroyedmanypre-industrialartsB.haveatraditionofvaluingartsandcraftsC.canbecomeintelligentbylearninghistoryD.canregaintheirindividualidentitybyusingmachines,思路：本段第一句具有很高的概括性，是本段的主题句。后面的是为论证主题句的具体证据，是细节。选项B中tradition对应第一句中isrootedinhistory,artsandcraft对应craft。,B,牛刀小试：Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedeversince.Amanwhohasnothadachancetogoswimmingforyearscanstillswimaswellaseverwhenhegetsbackinthewater.Hecangetonabicycleaftermanyyearsandstillrideaway.Hecanplaycatchandhitaballaswellashisson.AmotherwhohasnotthoughtaboutthewordsforyearscanteachherdaughterthepoemthatbeginsTwinkle,twinkle,littlestarorrememberthestoryofCinderellaorGoldilocksandtheThreeBears.（2012新课标D）1.WhatisthemainideaofparagraphI?A.Peoplerememberwellwhattheylearnedinchildhood.B.Childrenhaveabettermemorythangrown-ups.C.Poemreadingisagoodwaytolearnwords.D.Storiesforchildrenarceasytoremember.,A,牛刀再试：找出本段主题句Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightinadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Acamper（宿营者）alsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.,思路：段落主题句常出现在段首或段末，但本段概括性的主题句出现在段落中间。前两句并列例子，为主题句铺垫，后一句为例子，即拓展。技巧：1.段落中出现表转折的词语(如however,but,infact,actually等)时,该句很可能是主题句。2.首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.表示总结或结论的话通常都是主题句，常有therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等词语提示。,Practice二、把握文章大意如何把握文章大意？方法：自己在阅读后用一句话（用简单句最好）概括全文(尤其适用于记叙文，因为记叙文常无主题句)，然后与选项比对。说明文和议论文通常有主题句，感到吃力时，用浏览法(skimming)选读文章的首段、尾段，也可以每段的首句和尾句，即每段的主题句，搜索概括性的主题线索和主题信息，各段主题句的主语，即为题眼。,1.Sometimesyoullhearpeoplesaythatyoucantloveothersuntilyouloveyourself.Sometimesyoullhearpeoplesaythatyoucantexpectsomeoneelsetoloveyouuntilyouloveyourself.Eitherway,youvegottoloveyourselffirstandthiscanbetricky.Sureweallknowthatweretheappleofourparentseyes,and.Ifyoufindthatbelievinginyourselfisachallenge,itistimeyoubuildapositiveselfimageandlearntoloveyourself.Thebestwaytodefeatapassiveselfimageistostepbackanddecidetostressyoursuccesses.Thatis,makealistifyouneedto,butwritedownallofthegreatthingsyoudoeveryday.Dontallowdoubtstooccurinit.Thebestwaytogetridofanegativeselfimageistorealizethatyourimageisfarfromobjective,andtoactivelyconvinceyourselfofyourpositivequalities.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Howtoprepareforyoursuccess.B.Howtofacechallengesinyourlife.C.Howtobuildapositiveselfimage.D.Howtodevelopyourgoodqualities.,C,思路：红体主题句说明本文是讲如何消除否定的自我形象,建立肯定的自我形象的。故选c。,2.Everydayweexperienceoneofthewondersoftheworldarounduswithoutevenrealizingit.Itisnottheamazingcomplexityoftelevision.Northeimpressivetechnologyoftransport.Theuniversalwonderweshareandexperienceisourabilitytomakenoiseswithourmouths,andsotransmitideasandthoughtstoeachothersminds.Thisabilitycomessonaturallythatwetendtoforgetwhatamiracle（奇迹）itis.75.Thispassageismainlyabout_.（2010江西卷Ep1）A.thedevelopmentofbodylanguageB.thespecialrolehumansplayinnatureC.thepowertoconveyinformationtoothersD.thedifferencebetweenhumansandanimalsinlanguageuse,思路：找出该段的主题句，Theuniversalwonderweshareandexperienceisourabilitytomakenoiseswithourmouths,andsotransmitideasandthoughtstoeachothersminds.即可得出C。主题句前两句作用是_,后一句作用是_.技巧：通常第一段或最后一段中具有概括性，结论性的句子就是文章的中心。,C,Practice三、最佳题目Questions：1.文章的最佳题目有什么特点？2.你是如何选最佳题目的？,文章标题就是对文章的主要意思的概括,因此,解答这类题的方法与解答主旨要义题的方法基本相同,都是寻找主题句,或归纳主要内容。但主要内容题(mainidea,mainlyabout)题的选项多用句子的形式,而标题多用短语(特别是名词短语)的形式,且具有以下3个特点：(1)概括性:准确而又简短。(2)针对性:内容范围相符,“帽子”不大不小。(3)醒目性:新颖奇特,吸引眼球，能引发读者急迫的阅读欲望。同学们千万不能犯两个不分的错误：大小不分；主次不分。解题时常采用两种方法：解题方法1关键词法：寻找主题句或一句话（简单句）概括全文，题目和主题句含有关键词。题目如果没有关键词，则必暗示关键词或主要内容。解题方法2假如法：如果给你选项中的某个标题，正文应该涉及哪些方面的内容？该法常用来排除过大或过小的题目。,正确选项特点：1.正确选项一般不出现细节信息。2.正确选项一般不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。3.正确选项一般含有抽象名词或概括性词语。4.概括全面、范围一致、说明道理的选项一般是正确答案。5.四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案。6.双关语，对文章全文有暗示或比喻的作用。,干扰项特点：1）太小，即以偏概全，只是局部信息,或是一句仅仅提及但没有展开论述的话.2）太大，即过于笼统，人为扩大文章外延。以此为题写记叙文时，一千人会写出一千篇不同的故事，如anunforgettablething。3）以己度人，即主观臆断，把自己观点代替文章或作者观点，4）无关信息,既在文章中没有提到,1.议论文Beingconsideredaleaderinoursocietyisindeedofhighpraise.Leadershipmeanspower,commandsrespectand,mostimportant,encouragesachievement.UnlikevitaminC,leadershipskillscantbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbecarefullycultivated.Differentfrompopularbelief,mostgoodleadersaremade,notborn.Theylearntheirskillsintheireverydaylives.Butwhichdotheydevelop?Howdothey(andhowcanyou)getotherstofollow?Alwaysgivecredit.Takeinformedrisks.Encourageenthusiasm.63.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.LeadershipIsofSkillsandTechniquesB.LeadershipIsVeryImportantC.NotManyCanBeLeadersD.HowtoBeaLeader,1.D通过浏览法,得知：第一段最后一句“领导技能必须精心培养”,第二段首句“大多数优秀领导都是培养出来的,而不是天生的”,该段末句提出“但是应当培养哪些方面的技能呢？如何让别人听从(你)？”接下来,分段论述的三点,就是对这两个问题的具体回答。这两个问题实质上就是主题句,“如何让别人听从你”也就是说,如何让你成为一个好领导。故选DHowtoBeaLeader。,2.记叙文（2014课标全国II，A）故事梗概：DuringthefirstweekwearrivedinSydney，oursuitcase,whichcontainedmanyimportantdocument,wasstolen.Later,astrangercalledtotellushefoundasuitcaseintheirtrashcan(垃圾桶).最后一段：Thatfamilynotonlyrestoredtheimportantdocumentstousthatdaybutalsorestoredourfaithandtrustinpeople.Westillremembertheirkindnessandoftensendawarmwishtheirway.24.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.FromIndiatoAustralia.B.LivinginaaNewCountry.C.TurningTrashtoTreasure.D.InSearchofNewFriends.,Whichisyouranswer?Why?,C,3.说明文头两段为导入铺垫（omitted）ORBISisaninternationalnon-profitorganization.ORBIStriestohelpdevelopingcountriesbyprovidingtrainingduringthree-weekmedicalprograms.ORBIShastaughtsight-savingtechniquestoover35,000doctorsandnurses,whocontinuetocuretensofthousandsofblindpeopleeveryyear.ORBIShasconducted17planeprogramsisChinasofar.FortheseventotenmillionblindinChinaORBISisplanningtodomoreforthem.ForjustUS$38,youcanhelponepersonsee;for$380youcanbringsightto10people;.Yourmoneycanopentheireyestotheworld.PleasehelpORBISimprovethequalityoflifeforsomanypeoplelessfortunatethanourselves.(2014j江西C),Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ORRISinChinaB.FightingBlindnessC.ORRISFlyingHospitalD.Sight-seeingTechniquesWhichisyouranswer?Why?,C,文章标题就是对文章的主要意思的概括,因此,解答这类题的方法与解答主旨要义题的方法基本相同,都是寻找主题句,或归纳主要内容。但主要内容题(mainidea,mainlyabout)题的选项多用句子的形式,而标题多用短语(特别是名词短语)的形式,且具有以下3个特点：(1)概括性:准确而又简短。(2)针对性:内容范围相符,“帽子”不大不小。(3)醒目性:新颖奇特,吸引眼球，能引发读者急迫的阅读欲望。同学们千万不能犯两个不分的错误：大