Contract of Sale(国际贸易 销售合同 英文)

Lecture1,ContractofSale,Structure,DefinitionFunctionsGoverningLawsandUsualPracticesTypesFormationofContractBreachofContractContents,Definition,Asalescontractisaformalcontractbywhichaselleragreestosellandabuyeragreestobuy,undercertaintermsandconditionsspelledoutinwritinginthedocumentsignedbybothparties.Itcanalsobecalledagreementofsale,contractforsale,salesagreement,orsalescontract1.Whenthebuyerandthesellerarelocatedacrossborders,thesalescontractbecomesaninternationalcontractofsale.1,Functions,1.Itidentifieswhatisbeingsoldtowhomandforhowmuch,andthusdefinesthemostimportantobligationsofboththesellerandthebuyer2.Ittakesintoaccountthespecifictermsandconditionsofsale(suchasdeliverydates,currencyandpaymentterms),andconstitutesthemostimportantunderlyingandoriginaldocumentforthederivativedocuments(suchasletterofcredit,commercialinvoice,transportationdocument).3.Itstipulatesthecountryunderwhoselawthecontractisgoverned.Thisisparticularlyimportantforinternationaltradecontracts.,GoverningLawsandUsualPractices(1/2),TheUNCISG(TheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL)ConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods(1980).Establishedin1980andrecognizestherulesforcommercialcontracts.Itestablishesuniform-rulesfordraftinginternationalsalescontracts,andsetsthelegalrightsandobligationsofthesellerandthebuyerundersuchcontracts.UNCISGrulesapplyautomaticallytothesalescontractsbetweenthecountrieshavingratifiedtheconvention.,GoverningLawsandUsualPractices(2/2),Incoterms2000TheContractLawofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,March15,1999(Chapter1Chapter9,Chapter18TechnologyContract)TheUniformCommercialCode(UCC)(Article2)inmostUnitedStatesandCanadianjurisdictionsSaleofGoodsAct(1979)andEnglishcontractlawinEngland,Wales,andothercountriesacrosstheCommonwealthICCUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredit,2006Revision,inforceonJuly1,2007(UCP600)InstituteCargoClauses(ICC)byUKChinaInsuranceClauses(CIC)byPICCUniformsRulesforCollectionbyICC(URC522),etc.,Types,Import/ExportContractVerbal/Non-VerbalContractShipment/ArrivalContractStandardformContractAstandardformcontract(sometimesreferredtoasanadhesioncontractorboilerplatecontract)isacontractbetweentwopartiesthatdoesnotallowfornegotiation,i.e.takeitorleaveit1.Itisoftenacontractconcludedbetweenunequalbargainingpartners.1/wiki/Standard_form_contract.,FormationofContract,InvitationtoMakeOffersOfferCounter-OfferAcceptance,InvitationtoMakeOffers,IntheUNCISG(article14),aproposalwhichisnotaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsistobeconsideredmerelyasaninvitationtomakeoffers,unlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal.Aninvitationtomakeoffersisanactionbyonepartywhichmayappeartobeacontractualofferbutwhichisactuallyinvitingotherstomakeanofferoftheirown.Itmayberegardedasarequestforexpressionsofinterest.,InvitationtoMakeOffers,Forinstance,promotionalbrochuresandotherformsofadvertisingwheregoodsaremarketedtopotentialbuyersareusuallyconsideredan“invitationtomakeoffer”.Thatistosay,thepromotionalmaterialsaredesignedtogenerateenquiriesfromwhichanoffermaysubsequentlybemadeandconsequentlytheycannotbeusedasthebasisofacontract.,Offer,Offerisrequiredbyeverysalescontract.IntheUNCISG(article14),aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.Aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice.向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的订立合同的建议，如果十分确定并且表明要约人在其要约得到接受时即受约束的意旨，即构成要约。,Offer,Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.(ReachingRule)中国合同法第16条：要约到达受要约人时生效。采用数据电文形式订立合同，收件人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文进入该特定系统的时间，视为到达时间；未指定特定系统的，该数据电文进入收件人的任何系统的首次时间，视为到达时间。,Offer,Withdrawal撤回Evenifitisirrevocable,anoffermaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.合同法第十七条：要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。例如：北京一家公司向巴黎一家公司发盘，其中规定有效期到3月10日为止。该发盘是3月1日以特快专递寄出的，3月2日北京公司发现发盘不妥，当天即用电传通知巴黎公司宣告撤回该项发盘。问：这样做是否可以？发盘是否可以撤回？根据是什么？,Offer,Revocation（撤销）Untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance.However,anoffercannotberevoked:(a)ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.,Offer,Termination（中止）Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor,orwhenthestatedvalidityintheofferisoverdue.,Counter-Offer,IntheUNCISG(article19),areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodificationsisarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.However,onlymaterialalterationstotheoriginalofferconstituteacounter-offer.Amongotherthings,additionalordifferenttermsrelatingtotheprice,payment,qualityandquantityofthegoods,placeandtimeofdelivery,extentofonepartysliabilitytotheotherorthesettlementofdisputesareconsideredtoalterthetermsoftheoffermaterially.我方10日电讯出售货物，限15日复到有效，13日收到受盘人答复“价格太高”，15日又收到受盘人的来电：你10日发盘我接受，此时市价上浮，我复电拒绝。问：我方这样做是否可以？理由何在？,Counter-Offer,Acounter-offercanbeconsideredanewoffer.Responsibilityisthenpassedbacktotheofferor,whomustdecidewhetherornottoacceptthecounter-offerortoinsistthattheoriginalofferistheonlyoneunderconsideration.Thebattleoftheformsthenbegins,withbothsidesnegotiatingtheexacttermsandconditionsofthecontract.Alternatively,theofferormaydecidetoacceptthecounter-offerbutshoulddosoonlywhenwhollyawareofallthefinancialandlegalobligationscontainedinthenewoffer.,Acceptance,EffectiveAcceptanceAneffectiveacceptanceshouldbemadebytheperson(theofferee)towhomtheofferwasmade.Aneffectiveacceptanceshouldrefertothetermsoftheofferandindicateassenttotheofferbyastatementorbyotherconduct.Sincesilenceorinactivitydoesnotinitselfamounttoacceptance.(UNCISGarticle18,23).Aneffectiveacceptanceshouldreachtheofferorwithinthestatedtimeorwithinareasonabletime.,Acceptance,ValidityforAcceptanceAperiodoftimeforacceptancemaybefixedbytheofferorinatelegramoraletter.Herethevalidityforacceptancebeginstorunfromthemomentthetelegramishandedinfordispatchorfromthedateshownontheletteror,ifnosuchdateisshown,fromthedateshownontheenvelope.Aperiodoftimeforacceptancemayalsobefixedbytheofferorbytelephone,telexorothermeansofinstantaneouscommunication.Andthevalidityforacceptancebeginstorunfromthemomentthattheofferreachestheofferee.Officialholidaysornon-businessdaysoccurringduringtheperiodforacceptanceareincludedincalculatingtheperiod.However,ifanoticeofacceptancecannotbedeliveredattheaddressoftheofferoronthelastdayoftheperiodbecausethatdayfallsonanofficialholidayoranon-businessdayattheplaceofbusinessoftheofferor,theperiodisextendeduntilthefirstbusinessdaywhichfollows.(UNCISGarticle20),Acceptance,ConditionalAcceptanceAreplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,unlesstheofferor,withoutunduedelay,objectsorallytothediscrepancyordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Ifhedoesnotsoobject,thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance(UNCISGarticle19).,Acceptance,LateAcceptanceAlateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceifwithoutdelaytheofferororallysoinformstheoffereeordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutdelay,theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffect.(UNCISGarticle21)中国甲公司于9月16日向法国的乙公司邮寄出一项要约，要约的有效期为15天。中法之间正常的邮递时间是3天。乙公司9月28日发出承诺通知。该通知于10月8日到达甲公司。合同是否成立？,Acceptance,WithdrawalofAcceptanceAnacceptancemaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebecomeeffective(UNCISGarticle22).However,theE-commercemakesitmoredifficultandconstitutesachallengeforthetraditionalcontractlaw.Althoughofferscanbeacceptedverbally,orallyorinwriting,theacceptanceshouldbemadeinwritingtoprovideboththebuyerandsellerwiththesecurityofhavingdocumentedproofofthecontract.Acontractisconcludedatthemomentwhenanacceptanceofanofferbecomeseffective,eventhoughaformalcontractinwritingisnotyetsigned.,Case,2009-10-10:CompanyTinChinamadeanoffertoCompanyYinIndonesiaas“Weoffer300metrictonsofriceatUSD700perM/TCIFJakarta,subjecttoreplyherebefore2009-10-25”;2009-10-15:CompanyYreplied,statingthat“increasequantityto400metrictons,anddecreaseunitpricetoUSD650,subjecttoreplyusbefore2009-10-26”;2009-10-20:CompanyTfaxedCompanyY,statingthat“agreetoincreasequantityto400metrictons,butunitpriceatUSD680,subjecttoreplyherebefore2009-11-8”;2009-10-21:CompanyYlearnedthattheworldmarketpriceofriceincreasetoUSD720perM/T,andfaxedCompanyTas“worldmarketpriceincreased,however,consideringourlongstandingbusinessrelation,westilloffer400metrictonsofriceatUSD700perM/TCIFJakarta,immediateacceptanceappreciated”;2009-10-22:CompanyTdisagreedandrepliedas“ourcontracthasconcluded,covering,Quantity:400M/T;Price:USD680perM/TCIFJakarta”.(1)Whatdoyouthinkoftheconclusiontorelevantcontract?(2)Trytosupportyourargument.,BreachofContract,Breachofcontractisalegalconceptinwhichabindingagreementorbargained-forexchangeisnothonoredbyoneormoreofthepartiestothecontractbynon-performanceorinterferencewiththeotherpartysperformance1.1/wiki/Breach_of_contract,BreachofContract,Differentlawsofcontractdefinebreachofcontractintodifferenttypes.AccordingtotheU.S.lawofcontracts,breachofcontractmaybeminorbreachormaterialbreach.AccordingtotheU.K.commonlawofcontracts,breachofcontractmaybebreachofwarrantyandbreachofcondition.AccordingtotheUNCISG,breachofcontractmaybenon-fundamentalbreachofcontractandfundamentalbreachofcontract.,BreachofContract,SellersbreachofcontractThesellermustdeliverthegoods,handoveranyrelateddocumentsandtransferthepropertyinthegoods,asrequiredbythecontractandtheUNCISG.However,thesellermayfailtoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecircumstanceslistedbelow:Non-deliveryofgoodsLatedeliveryofgoodsNon-complyingdeliveryofgoods(inquality,quantity,packing,orathirdpartyrelatedindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty)Non-complyingdeliveryofdocumentsNon-performanceofshipmentliabilitywhenthecontractrequires(e.g.undergroupCtradeterms)Non-performanceofinsuranceliabilitywhenthecontractrequires(e.g.underCIForCIPtradeterms),BreachofContract,BuyersbreachofcontractThebuyermustpaythepriceforthegoodsandtakedeliveryofthemasrequiredbythecontractandtheUNCISG.However,thebuyermayfailtoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthefollowingcircumstances:RejecttopickupgoodsRejecttomakepaymentNon-performanceofrelevantliabilitiesunderspecifiedtermsofdelivery(e.g.shipmentarrangementunderFOB)Non-performanceofrelevantliabilitiesunderspecifiedmodeofpayment(e.g.dulyestablishmentofL/C),Remediesforbreachofcontractbytheseller,AccordingtotheUNCISGarticle45-52,inthecaseofthesellerbreachofcontract,thebuyermayclaimremediesaslistedbelow:RequirespecificperformancebythesellerofhisobligationsRequiredeliveryofsubstitutegoodsonlyifthelackofconformityconstitutesafundamentalbreachofcontractRequirethesellertoremedythelackofconformitybyrepairClaimliquidateddamagesofaspecificpercentageofthepriceofsuchgoodsoraspecificamount,Remediesforbreachofcontractbytheseller,Reducethepricewhenthegoodsdonotconformtothecontract,andnootherremediesaremadebythesellerDeclarethecontractavoidedifthefailuretomakedeliverycompletelyorinconformitywiththecontractamountstoafundamentalbreachofthecontract.Abreachofcontractcommittedbyoneofthepartiesisfundamentalifitresultsinsuchdetrimenttotheotherpartyastodeprivehimsubstantiallyofwhatheisentitledtoexpectunderthecontract,unlessthepartyinbreachdidnotforeseeandareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstanceswouldnothaveforeseensucharesult(UNCISGArt.29).,Remediesforbreachofcontractbythebuyer,AccordingtotheUNCISG(article61-65),inthecaseofthebuyerbreachofcontract,thesellermayclaimthefollowingremedies:Requirethebuyertopaytheprice,takedeliveryorperformhisotherobligations,unlessthesellerhasresortedtoaremedywhichisinconsistentwiththisrequirementClaimdamagesfordelayinperformance,Remediesforbreachofcontractbythebuyer,Declarethecontractavoidedifthefailurebythebuyertoperformanyofhisobligationsamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;orifthebuyerdoesnotperformhisobligationtopaythepriceortakedeliveryofthegoodswithintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbytheseller,orifhedeclaresthathewillnotdosowithintheperiodsofixed.Usually,incaseswherethebuyerhaspaidtheprice,thesellerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoided.,Remediesforbreachofcontractbythebuyer,Toavoidtheabove-mentionedpotentialbreachofcontractandsubsequenttroublesanddifficulties,b