过去完成时态的用法及专项练习

1. 过去完成时 (1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成 否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadnt (2) 用法 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。 (3) 它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示 还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。When I got there, you had already eaten you meal. 当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。By the time he got here, the bus had left. 到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了它表达的是在某个过去动作或时间点之前发生的动作，简单地说就是“过去的过去”发生的事情。过去完成时的构成很简单，即 had + 动词的过去分词。一、过去完成时的主要用法1、表示在过去动作之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。比如说，A事件发生在一个月前，而B事件发生两个月前，那么B事件比A事件还要早发生，它就要使用过去完成时。例如：Most of the guest had left when he arrived at the party. （即：客人在他到之前已经离开了。）They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.（即：吃饭在先，他们到达在后。）2、表达在过去某个确定的时间之前发生的事或状态。例如：How many English films had you seen by the end of last term ?在这个例句中，没有两个事件作比较。但是，它有一个明确的时间作参考，即last year明确了告诉我们是“过去”时间，而 by the end of last year说的是在last year之前完成的动作，因此它也是“过去的过去”，可以用过去完成时。I had finished writing my composition by 10:00 this morning.（今天上午10：00点以前，我已经写完了我的作文。）I went over what I had written again and again so that I wouldnt make any mistakes.（我一遍又一遍地检查了我所写的内容，以至我没有出现任何错误。）3.过去完成时还可以表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。例如： He had worked in the factory for five years before he moved here . （ 在他搬到这儿以前，他已经在那家工厂工作了五年。） I saw Li Ping yesterday . We had not seen each other since I left Beijing . （ 我昨天看见李平了。自从我离开北京，我们就没见过面。）When she got to the check-out, she realized she had left her purse at home.3、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. （1）Tom was disappointed that most of the guests _ when he _ at the party.A. left；had arrived B. left；arrived C. had left；had arrived D. had left；arrived（2）We _ four thousand new words by the end of last year.A. had learned B. have learned C. learned D. will have learned根据上下文的时间关系来确定用过去完成时。例如：1). The pen I _ I _ is on my desk，right under my nose.那支我以为已经丢了的钢笔。在我的桌子上，就在我的鼻子底下。A. think；lost B. thought；had lost C. think；had lost D. thought；have lost 2). Helen _ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband _home.海伦把钥匙忘在了办公室，所以她不得不等到丈夫回家。A. has left；comes B. left；had come C. had left；came D. had left；would come解析：正确答案为C。had to wait说明事情发生在过去，而“忘带钥匙”的动作发生在“等丈夫回家”之前。8、It was时间since主语过去完成时。例如：They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I _ a good drink.他们邀请我和他们喝酒，我说，我已经至少十年没有好好喝过了。A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying 正确答案为A。用在 It was the first/second/thirdtime that”句型中在此句型中，主句用了一般过去时，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。二、下列情况一般不能用完成时下列三种情况不用过去完成时：1、句中如yesterday , last year , in 1986 , three days ago等明确地表示过去时间的状语，谓语动词必须用一般过去时。例如： Peter didnt play football yesterday . （ 彼得昨天没有踢足球。）2、在叙述两件以上的事件时，如果事件之间连接地很紧凑的一系列的动作，一般仍用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。例如： They decided to stay here , and so they built their houses and made their farms . （ 他们决定呆在这儿，所以他们建了房子，开垦了农场。 ）三、过去完成的否定句和疑问句1、否定句 had not .例如：I hadnt learnt Lesson 20 yet.2、疑问句 Had.?例如：Had you ever seen such an exciting match before? Yes, I had. / No, I hadnt.四、 一般过去时和过去完成时当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时，由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系，因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示。We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操之后，我们吃早饭。The train started to move just before we reached the station.我们到车站时火车刚开动。As soon as they got there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了。 1. 在主从复合句中的用法不同 （1） 用在宾语从句中 在主句谓语为一般过去时的宾语从句中，既可用一般过去时，也可用过去完成时。但两种时态的意义明显不同。试比较下列两组句子： She said she was a doctor. 她说她是位医生。（说话时仍为医生） She said she had been a doctor.她说她曾当过医生。（说话时已不是） She said she had been a doctor for twenty years.她说她当过20年的医生。（主要强调说话时已当过20年医生，此状态可能已经结束，也可能还没有） 但是，如果从句中有表示具体时间的状语，则常用一般过去时。例如： He said he was born in 1986. 他说他是 1986年出生的。 （2） 用在含有after的主从复合句中 在含有after的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用过去完成时，主句中使用一般过去时。例如： After he had done his homework, he went out to play football. 因连词after本身能明确表示时间的先后关系，因而多数的主句和从句均使用一般过去时。例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. （3） 用在含有before的主从复合句中 用在含有before的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用一般过去时，主句中使用过去完成时。例如： Lily had written some letters before she went out shopping. 有时，也可以在从句中用过去完成时，主句中用一般过去时，这样就可使描述更为生动。试比较： We got to the station before the train had left. 火车尚未开动之前，我们就到了车站。 We had got to the station before the train left. 火车开出之前，我们就已经到了车站。 像after一样， before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系，故多数主从句均使用一般过去时，而无需使用过去完成时。例如： Many people left for home before the film ended.电影尚未放完，许多人就起身回家了。 （4） 用在含有when的主从复合句中 由于when本身不能明确表示时间的先后关系，故先发生的动作应用过去完成时，后发生的动作只需用一般过去时。这样用过去完成时的可能是主句，也可能是从句。例如： When all his money had been used up, Peter had to turn to a friend for help. 当他的钱全都用光时，彼得只好转而求助于一个朋友。 有时，主句和从句的谓语动词的先后关系十分明确，两个动作紧接着发生，前一动作导致后一动作，这时两者均用一般过去时即可。例如： When the meeting was over, we left the hall. 散会后，我们就离开了大厅。 2. 叙述几个连续的动作用法不同 在叙述两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and， but， so或then等连接并按时间发生的先后顺序叙述时，只需用一般过去时。例如： She entered the room, turned on the light and found everything stolen. I lost my pen but soon found it. She lost her pen, so I lent her mine. 但是，如果两个先后发生的动作不是按时间的顺序排列或叙述时，为明确动作发生的先后顺序，先发生的动作就得用过去完成时。例如： The farmers were in high spirits because they had got another good harvest. 农民们兴高采烈，因为他们又获得了一次好收成。 一些表示心理活动的动词，如think， know， expect， mean， hope， want， suppose等，用一般过去时可表示存在于过去而非现在的心理活动或事与愿违的情况。例如： I didnt know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。 而这些词的过去完成时可以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事 这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasnt in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的，但发现她不在家。 “ have/ has got ”形式上是一种完成时，但和have/ has 为同一意义，即 “有”。例如：Have you got a pen-friend?你有笔友吗？ Yes, I have.是的，我有。 Has he got a lot of work to do?他有许多工作要做吗？ No, he hasnt.不，他没有。 过去完成时练习题( )(1)The police found that the house _and a lot of things_.A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolenC. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen( )(2)By the end of this century, we_ ours into a strong modern country.A. will build B. had builtC. have built D. will have built( )(3)We _the work by six yesterday evening.A. finished B.would finishC. had finished D. had been finished( )(4)I _to help you but couldnt get here in time.A. want B. had wanted C. have wanted D. was wanting( )(5) Mrs. Wu told me that her sister_.A. left about two hours before B. would leave about two hours beforeC. has left about two hours ago D. had left about two hours before( ) (6)When I reached home, my parents _their supper.A.are having B.have already hadC.have hadD. had already had( ) (7)It seems that the old man _something important.A.has lost B. had lost C. lostD. would lose( ) (8)She _in this school _the past ten years.A.was teaching, since B. had been teaching, sinceC.would teach, forD. has been teaching, for( ) (9)Did you see Xiao Li at the party? No, _by the time I arrived.A. shed left B. shes left C. She was left D. she must leave( )(10)The job proved to be much more difficult than I_.A. expect B.expected C. would expect D.had expected( ) (11)We couldnt catch up with the others because they _too long before us.A.started B.were starting C.have started D.had started ( ) (12)She felt anxious about her son as she _for quite a long time.A.havent heard him B. hadnt heard himC.havent heard from him D. hadnt heard from him( ) (13)By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners_.A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating( ) (14)By the