ireland presentation 爱尔兰介绍

Ireland.,APresentationonthehistory,culture,traditionsandpeopleofIreland.ByMr.RobertKelly.,Ireland,Irelandisanislandatthewesternedgeofeurope.,Irelandhastwoseparatejuristictions.,RepublicofIrelandCapital:DublinPopulation:4.3millionCurrency:EuroNorthernIrelandCapital:BelfastPopulation:1.7millionCurrency:PoundEnglishandIrishisspokeninbothROIandNI.,GeographyandClimate,Aringofcoastalmountainssurroundslowcentralplains.Theislandhasamildoceanicclimate.Nottoohot,nottoocold.Rainandwindisyearround.ItreceivesthefullforceofstormsfromtheAtlanticOcean,especiallyinwinter.,Wildlife,WildlifeanimalsofIrelandaretypicallywoodlandanimals.Reddeer,redfox,mountainhare,badger,Farmedanimals,CowsandespeciallysheeparefoundeverywhereinIreland.TheyareveryimportanttotheIrisheconomy.,IrishHistory,9000yearsagoIrelandwascoveredinice.AndtheIceAgeended.StoneagepeoplearrivedfromEuropeabout8000BC.Agriculture(farming)beganabout4000BC.,TheCelts,TheCelticraceofpeoplearrivedfromEuropetoIrelandbetween800-100BC.IrelandbecameaCelticcountry.ItwasfromthistribalpeoplethatthemodernIrishlanguagecamefromandIrishidentityisfoundedupon.,Christianity,ChristianitybegantoarriveinIrelandfromabout431ADonwards.TheCeltsadoptedthenewreligion.St.PatrickiscreditedwithbringingthereligiontoIrelandandSt.PatricksdayiscelebratedonMarch17theveryyear.,Christianmonasteries.,IrelandbegantoattractmanyChristianmonksfromEuropeasaplaceoflearningandalifeofreligion.Itsremotelocationappealedtomanymonkstobuildmanymonasteries.TheruinsofoneoftheoldestandremotestmonasteriesisScelligMhicael,nowatouristattraction.,TheruinsofMonasteriesarefoundthroughoutIrelandandarenowverypopulartouristattractions.,Vikingraiders.,VikingsfromtheScandinaviancountries(Norway,Sweden,Denmark)beganraidingtownsandmonasteriesontheIrishcoastsinthe9thCentury.TheVikingsespeciallyraidedChristianmonasterieswhereprecioustreasuresandgoodscouldbestolen.ThemonksbuilttallroundtowerstohideinwhentheVikingsattacked.LatertheVikingsbegantosettleinIrelandandbuildporttownssuchasDublin.,TheNormans,Normanscameinthe12thcenturyandbuiltcastlesalloverthecountryandfoundedmanytowns.TheNormanscameoriginallyfromNormandyinFrance.Overmanyyearsthedivisionbetweenthe3(Celts,NormansandVikings)disappearedandtheybecameasingleIrishrace,speakingtheIrishlanguageandlivingtheIrishwayoflife.NormancastlescanbefoundacrossIreland.,ThestartofBritishruleinIreland.,In1171KingHenry2ofEnglandcametoIrelandtoclaimsovereigntyoverIreland.HoweverinrealityEnglishcontrolwasonlymaintainedinDublin.Therestofthecountrycontinuedtobeawildplace,whichremainedunderthecontroloftheIrishkings.,ThePlantationsofIreland.,SeriousattemptsbytheEnglishCrowntobringIrelandunderthecontrolofLondondidnotbeginuntilthe15thand16thcenturies.LandsweretakenfromtheIrishkingsbyinvadingBritish.LandwasgiventoloyalEnglishsettlers.Themostsuccessfulplantationwasinthenorth.MostpeopleinNorthernIrelandtodayaredescendantsfromtheEnglishsettlers.ThesepeoplearestillloyaltoEngland.,OliverCromwell,OliverCromwellwontheCivilwarinEngland.HewasdeterminedtobringIrelandunderhiscontrol.HeconqueredallofIrelandby1652.,TheGreatFamine1845-1850,ThestapledietoftheIrishpeopleatthistimewasthepotato.ThepotatowasalmostentirelyreleyeduponbyIrishpeople.ManypeoplediedoremigratedtoAmerica.Sincethe1840semigrationbecameapartofIirshlifeupuntilthelate1990s.,Emigration,Peoplelefttofindabetterlifeandgoodjobsinothercountries.ThestrugglewithEnglandandapooreconomywasthecauseofsomanyleaving.ThepopulationofIrelandhasalwaysbeensmallasaresultandtodayisonly6million.,The1916Rising,The1916RisingwasthestartoftheWarofIndependenceagainstEngland.IndependencewasdeclaredbyIrishVolunteersattheGeneralPostOffice(GPO).In2006theIrishGovernmentcelebrated90yearssincetheRising.,IndependenceandthedivisionofIreland.,MichaelCollinshadledthewareffortagainstBritain.AtreatywassignedaftertheWarofIndependencein1921.HoweverthepeopleofNorthernIrelanddidnotwanttoseparatefromEnglandandsotheyremainedpartoftheUnitedKingdom(UK).ManyoftheNIpeoplefeltbetrayedbytheBritishgovernmentforgivingindependencetotheIrish.,CivilwarinIreland1921-1923,AlmosthalfoftheIrishpeoplerefusedtoaccepttheTreaty.MostIrishpeoplevotedinfavouroftheTreaty,wishingtoendviolenceandallowNorthernIrelandtoremainpartoftheUK.CivilwarstartedbetweenthetwoIrishsidesintheRepublicofIreland.Theanti-treatymovementwasledbyEamonnDevalera.,Top:EamonnDeValerawhorejectedtheTreatyandledtheanti-treatymovement.Bottom:MichaelCollinswhodefendedtheTreaty.,NorthernIrelandandTheTroubles1969-1998.,TheTroublesbeganwithunrestbetweenthemajorityloyalistandtheminorityrepublicanpopulationofNI.Loyalist=peopledescendedfromEnglishsettlersduringtheplantations.Republican=peopledescendedfromnativeIrish.HereisaBritishsoldierondutyinthestreetsofNI.,ArmieswerefoundedonbothsidesofNIscommunity.OntheRepublicansidetheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)wasfounded.OntheLoyalistsidetheUlsterVolunteerForce(UVF)wasfounded.BotharmiesweredeclaredillegalbythegovernmentsinLondonandDublin.TheBritishArmywasdeployedinNItotrytocontroltheviolence.,TheBelfastAgreement1998,Thewarbetweentheterroristgroupsofficiallyended.ItwasagreedthatpoliticsmustbepeacefulinNIandthatpowerwouldbesharedbybothcommunities.Howevermuchhatredandmistruststillexistsbetweenbothsides.,ContinuedsocialdivisioninNorthernIreland.,ThewallsthatwerebuiltbytheBritisharmytoseparatefightingcommunitiesarestillinplaceinmuchofNI,especiallyBelfast.IndifferentareasofNIpeopleflyeitherBritishorIrishflagsandpaintmuralsonwallstoshowwhichsidetheybelongto.,SomeLoyalistmurals.,Republicanmurals.,SportinIreland.,Irelandhasarichsportingculture.IrelandhastwonationalsportsnativetoIreland.Hurling.Gaelicfootball.CrokeParkinDubliniswhereallmajorsportingeventsarecurrentlyplayed.Itisthe4thlargeststadiuminEurope.,Hurling,Hurlingisagameplayedbytwoteamsof15playerseach.Eachplayerhasawoodenstick.Playershitasmallhardleatherballandtrytoscoreintheopponentsgoal.Itisthefastestfieldsportintheworldandaveryexcitingsporttowatch.,GaelicFootball,GaelicFootballisdifferentfromnormalfootballbecauseplayerscanusetheirhands.Thereare15playersoneachteam.Theplayingfieldismuchlargerthanasoccerfield.,Rugbyandfootball,RugbyandfootballarenotIrishsportsbutarebothverypopular.Rugbyisaveryphysicalsportplayedwithanovalball.ThereisaverystrongrugbytraditioninIreland.,BrianODriscollisoneofIrelandsbestRugbyplayers,Football,FootballisverypopularinIreland.BecausefootballismuchbiggerinEngland,mostofIrelandsbestplayersplayforEnglishclubssuchasManchesterUnitedorLiverpool.TheyreturntoIrelandonlytoplayinternationalmatchesforIreland.,RoyKeane,RoyKeaneisprobablyIrelandsmostfamousplayer.HewastheteamcaptainforbothManchesterUnitedandIrelandformanyyears.,IrishCuisine,Thepotatohasalwaysbeen,andstillis,themainfoodtogowithmealseachday.TheIrishstewisatraditionalIrishmeal.Itismadefrommutton,potatoes,onions,carrotandparsley.,FullIrishBreakfast,sausages,pudding,bacon,egg,beans,toast,orangejuice,teaorcoffee.,Guinness,GuinnessisatypeofbeerfromIreland.ItisveryfamousandtheGuinnessbreweryinDublinisatouristattraction,Culture,CustomsandTradition,Irelandhasarichculture.EveryMarch17ththepeoplecelebrateSt.Patricksday.ParadesareheldineveryIrishtown.OnSt.Patricksdaypeopleweargreenclothes.,StPatricksDaycelebrations.,Orangeparades.,ThispartofIrishcultureiscelebratedmostlyinNorthernIrelandbythoseofBritishdescent.MarchingseasontakesplaceduringJuly.,Irishdancing,Irishdancingisanoldpopulardance.Dancersdonotmovetheirarms,butkeepthemattheirsides.DancersmovetheirlegsinfastrhythmwithIrishmusic.,IrishMusic,MusicanddancewerethemainformsofentertainmentinIrelandinthepast.Traditionalmusiciansoftenhavesessionsinthecornerofapub.Peoplewouldsingalong,danceandenjoyabeerinthepubafterwork.Thesesessionsareabigtouristattractionforforeigners.,TheBanjoandtheBodhrandrum,Popularmusictoday,Irelandhasalotofmodernmusiciansthatareverypopularinternationally.Theyincluderockbands,popgroupsandsingers.Westlife,TheCorrs.,OtherpopularartistsincludeU2,EnyaandSineadOConnor,IrishEconomy/CelticTiger,Irelandseconomyhadmanyproblemsforalongtime.Thischangedinthe1990swhentheperiodnamedTheCelticTigerbega