England-under-the-Tudors都铎王朝.pptx

EnglandundertheTudors,HistoryofTudorDynasty,HouseofLancaster,theWaroftheRoses(14551487),HouseofYork,BattleofBosworth(1485),RichardIII,HenryVII,ElizabethofYork,HenryVII,nieceofRichardIII,married,TudorRose,HenryVIII,EdwardVI,MaryI,ElizabethI,TheWoolenTextileIndustry&theEnclosureMovement,HundredYearsWar,Manufacturingandexportingofunfinishedwoolencloth,CraftsmenfledfromNetherlandstoEngland,TheboostofEnglishtextileindustry,amajorexporterofwool,theEnclosuremovement,Pushingupthepriceofwool,Becomingtheprototypeofmodernindustry,In16thcentury,Landlordsbegantoturnlargeareasofarablelandintosheepgrazingland.,TheconflictsbetweenManoriallordsandpeasantsledtobitterresentment.,KettsRebellion(1549),RobertKett,Theenclosuremovementsloweddown.,Landedgentry,Merchantsandlawyers,Acquiringlandandgettingcoatofarms,Landedgentry,ForeignTradeandGeographicalExpansion,EnglandundertheTudors,.Theprocessleadingtogeographicaldiscoveries,TheincreaseinproductionandexpansionoftradeinEuropeinthelate15thcenturycausedashortageofgoldandsilverPeoplebegantofindotherplacesfornewsourcesofsupplyThePortuguesetooktheleadintherushforgoldTheEuropeansmadegeographicaldiscoveries,.Theraceofvoyage(1),ChristopherColumbus，VascoDaGamaBartholomewDias，FerdinandMagellan,ThenthePortugueseestablishedatradingempireintheeastincludingMacao.Atthesametime,SpanishsetsailacrosstheAtlanticOcean,hopingtofindashorterroutetotherichspicelandoftheEastIndiesbysailingwest.,.Theraceofvoyage(2),.TheimpactofthediscoveryofAmerica,ItbroadenedpeoplesviewabouttheworldandledtoEuropeancolonizationofwesternhemisphere.Italsoledtolarge-scaleexchangesColumbianexchangesBenefitoftheexchange:exchangedmanyplants,animalsandsoon.BadaffectiontothelocalinAmerica:broughtdisaster,destroyedtheAncientAztecEmpireandtheIncacivilization,controlledthegoldmines,killedandenslavedalotofpeople.Thelocalpopulationdecreasedbyabout90%.,Toavoidconflictofclaims,SpainandPortuguesesignedtheTreatyofTordesillasin1494.,Becauseofthegoldrush,Henry(1509-1547)reducedthevalueoftheEnglishcurrency,whichcausedabiginflationbringingsufferingstothelowerclasses.,ThereignofElizabethI,Sail:JohnCabottoNewfoundlandinNorthAmericain1497.Exploration:SirFrancisDrake,thefirstEnglishmanwhosailedroundtheworld.,Trade:authorizedtheestablishmentofgreattradingcompanies,knownascharteredcompanies.Charteredcompaniesenjoyedcertainspecialrightsgrantedbythemonarch.ThemostfamousoneistheEastIndiaCompanyfoundedin1599.TheybroughthugeamountofwealthtoEngland.,TheReformation,Itstartedin1517andendedin1646.,1.BackgroundoftheReformation,Politically,theCatholicChurchwasalmostasuperstateorganization.Spiritually,thePopewasthehighestauthorityinEurope.Economically,theCatholicChurchwasextremelywealthy.,SellingtheIndulgences(出售赎罪券),In1517,apreachernamedTetzelcametoanearbyvillage,offeringindulgencestothosewhowouldcontributetothebuildingofnewCathedralofSt.Peter,atRoma.Hesaid:“Sosoonascoinincofferrings,thesoulfromPurgatory(炼狱)springs.”,2.ReformationontheContinent,ThesellingofindulgencepromptedMartinLuther(1483-1546)toposthis95theses(95条论纲）onthedooroftheCastleChurchinWittenbergin1517,attachingthesellingofindulgences.ThisstartedtheReformation.,Luthers95theses(Oct.31,1517)路德张贴九十五条论纲,Thesewereninety-fiveshortstatementsrelatingtoindulgences,andinpostingthem,Lutherwassimplyinvitinglearnedprofessorstodiscussthestatementsproandconinordertodetermine,ifpossible,whetherthepracticesofsuchagentsofchurchasTetzelwereorwerenotinaccordwiththetruedoctrine.,MartinLuther(1483-1546)马丁路德,3.TheEnglishReformation,HenryVIIIwantedtodivorceCatherinebutPoperefusedHedissolvedallofEnglandsmonasteries（修道院）andnunneriesHeestablishedtheChurchofEngland,Reasons,AdesireforchangeandreforminthechurchHenryneededmoneyTheprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresented.,Effects:,1.StrengthenedHenrysposition2.TheimportanceofParliament（议会）grew3.EnglandwasmovingfromCatholicism（天主教）towardsProtestantism（新教）,TheElizabethanAge,Elizabeth1,Elizabethwasaverybrightwomanandaveryshrewdpolitician.ShereignedoverEnglandfrom1559to1603.Elizabethnevermarriedandhadnoheir.Whenshediedin1603,theTudorMonarchycametotheend.Whenshedied,shewas70yearsold.,BriefIntroduction,Contribution,settlingthereligiousdisputeandsettingthechurchofEnglandonamoderateProtestantpathhavingefficientgovernmentpayinggreatattentiontothetradeandcommercebuildingupapowerfulnavy,CatholicismtoProtestantism,ShedeterminedtomaketheEnglishchurchcomfortable,moderate,andpopular.ShemadesomeconcessionstosatisfyextremeProtestantreformers.Inaddition,ElizabethdidnottakethedrasticmeasuresagainsttheCatholics.,Withallthesemeasures,Elizabethachievedreligiousunitywithinthenation.TheChurchofEnglandhasremainedprettymuchthesameuntiltodayitwasinElizabethstime.,Elizabethbelievedinstrongandeffectiveruleandefficientgovernment.Shepersonallyselectedagroupofloyal,competentandhardworkingpeopleofmoderatebackgroundtostaffthePrivyCouncil.ThemembersofthePrivyCouncilwereresponsibleforcollectingtaxes,maintainingsocialorder,keepingjusticeandraisingtroopsintimeofemergency.,Administration,Tradeandcommerce,EastIndiaCompany,foundedin1599,Thegreatseapower,In1588,SpainwasdefeatedbyEngland.,Englandhadthemostpowerfulnavyandbecamethesealeader.,ThisperiodinthehistoryofBritainisreferredtoasElizabethera.Atthatti