高考专题之介词考点梳理

.高考专题之介词考点梳理一、方位介词 1. 图解方位介词 Be careful. There is a heavy box over your head. 小心，你头上方有个很重的箱子。The sun is above the mountain in the east. 太阳就在东方那座山的上方。There are some stamps on the desk. 桌子上有一些邮票。The position he pointed to was below the sea level. 他所指的那个位置低于海平面。The little mouse is under the table,so it is not easy to find it. 那只小老鼠在桌子底下，因此很不容易找到它。The Great Wall winds its way from west to east,across deserts, over mountains,through valleys,till at last it reaches the sea. 长城从西向东越过沙漠，跨过高山，穿过深谷，蜿蜒而行，最后直抵大海。 The crowd of people walked past the City Hall to the Center Square.一群人经过市政厅走到了中心广场。 Its quite beyond me why such things have been allowed to happen.我难以想象为什么能允许这样的事情发生。【题组训练】 完成句子：The sunlight came in （穿过）the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room. The bicycle is （不能）repair. He hit his head （对着）the wall and hurt himself.through beyond against 2. at ,inon 三个词均可和表示地点的词连刖，表示“在处”。at用于指较小的地方，如在门牌号码前；in用于指较大的她方；on 一般指与面或线接触的地方如： Well meet. each other at the park 我们将在公园见面。 Mr. White has lived in Hong Kong for 20 years. 怀特先生在香港生活了20年。 The flood advanced on the village. 洪水向村庄冲来。 3. in, on，to在方位名词前的区别 三个词都可表示两地之间的方位关系。in表示在某范围之内；to表示在某范围之外；on表示“毗邻”、“接壤”。如： Shandong Province is/lies in the east of China（在某范围之内）山东省在位于中国东部。 Zhejiang is/lies to the southeast of Hebei Province.（在某范围之外） 浙江在/位于河北省东南边。 Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.（接壤） 蒙古在位于中国北边。 【题组训练】用介词in，to填空： Japan is/lies the east of China. Beijing lies the north of China. to in 4.among，between 二词均表示“在中间”或“在之间”。among指在三者或三者以上之间，而between表示在二者之间。有时between之后也可能出现三个或三个以上的宾语，但这时所强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系。如： Well visit the town among the mountains. 我们将参观那个群山环绕的镇子。 This secret is only between you and me. 这个秘密只限于你我知道。Near the cemetery between the trees, there is something that shines. 在墓地附近，树中间，有闪闪发亮的东西。 He divided his money between John and his nephew. 他把他的钱分绐了约翰和他的侄子。 【题组训练】 用介词between，among填空： The town lies the mountains. Switzerland lies France, Germany, Austria and Italy. among between 5. from,out of 二同均表示来源或出处。from注重起点，意为“从”；out of侧重于从里向外，意为“从里出来”。如：The shouting of the soldiers drilling could be heard from the playground. 人们可以听到从操场上传来的士兵们操练的声音。She took the passport out of her handbag and showed it to the policeman. 她从手提包里拿出了护照让那名警察看了看。 We are moving out of our flat. 我们要搬出我们的这所公寓楼。 The train from London arrives here at nine oclock. 从伦敦开来的列车9点到这里。 【题组训练】 用介词from，out of填空： The young student is Tibet. When we were listening to che news,a man rushed the room. from out of 6. in ,on 二词均可表示“在上”，描写两个物体的接触情况。on侧重于表面接触，而in侧重于接触的深度。英语中的某些习惯表达常用in或on。若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时，用in。而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时，用on。表示植物本身生长出来的枝、叶、花、果等“在树上”，用on the tree，但表示植物本身以外的人或动物“在树上”，用in the tree，意指被枝叶遮掩其中。如： We found a square hole in the wall. 我们发现在墙上有个方洞。 The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him. 老师轻轻拍着那个男孩子的头并且安慰他。 There are lots of apples on the tree. 树上有很多苹果。 【题组训练】用介词in，on填空： There is a map of the world_the wall. Birds are singing_the tree.on in 二、时间介词 1. at ,inon (l)at的用法 表示时间的一点，时刻等，如：at 12：00，at noon，at night，at midnight ,at dawn, at daybreak 表示较短暂的一段时间，可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子，如：at Christmas (2)in的用法 表示在某个较长的时间内（如：世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等），如：in the 1980s，in Qing Dynasty，in October,in the morning/afternoon/evening 说明：当时间名词前有this，that，last，next，some，ever等词限定时，通常不用任何介词。 表示在一段时间之后，如： Ill be back in an hour. 我一小时后回来。 (3) on的用法 用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间，如：某日、某节日、星期几等，如：on October the first，on National Day，on Monday 用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上，如：on the eve of victory（胜利前夕），on the morning of January the third，on the afternoon of his arrival. 准时，按时：on time 【题组训练】 翻译下列词组：在星期天上午 在三月初 在儿童节 在19世纪20年代 on Sunday mornings at the beginning of March on Childrens Day in the 1820s/1820s 2. in,after in表时间，常表示“在时间之内”，有时in还有“在时间之后”的意思，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：所修饰的动词必须表将来；后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可，否则用after或later。 after表时间，意为“在之后”。通常“after+时间段”与过去时连用；“after+时间点”与将来时连用。如： My father will be back in three days. 我父亲将在3天以后同来。 My father will be back after 3 oclock. 我父亲将在3点后回来。 My father came back after 3 days/3 days later. 我父亲3天后回来的： 【题组训练】 用in，after，later填空： It will be finished an hour. He returned a few days. They finished their lessons at four and a little while they went out to take a walk. in after later 3. for ,from, since for后接表时间段的名词词组，表示行为或状态持续了多久；from后接表时间点的名词（词组），表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短；since后接表时间点的名词词组，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻，因而常与延续性动词的现在完成时连用。如：Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement.布朗先生喜欢乡村生活，退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年了。 My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five. 我的妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。 Tom has been doing his homework since 7oclock. 汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。 【题组训练】用for，from，since填空： then on she knew she would win. I lost my money and I have been worried ever then.The meeting lasted 3 hours yesterday. From since for三、工具、手段、方式介词 1. by，in，on 三个词都表示旅行的方式。 (1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不带冠词。如：by sea,by water,by land,by air等。 (2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by，但名词须用单数，其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如：by bike，by taxi，by plane，by ship/boat ,by train, by spaceship等。 (3)当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如：travel to New York in this plane,leave on an early train,go to school on my bike等。 说明：步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如：on foot，on horseback/on a horse，on the camel。 【题组训练】句型转换（每空一词）： He went to Beijing by car. He went to Beijing . I prefer to travel by ship. I prefer to travel . in his/a car by water/sea 2. with，by，in三个词均意为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。 (1) with用于有形的工具或某些身体器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。如： They are digging with a pick/spade他们正在用一把镐铲挖。 We see with our eyes,hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，并用腿走。 (2) by,in,on,over,through等多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如：by hand,in ink,on the telephone,over the radio,through the telescope等。 说明：使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示，如：in English/Japanese;in blue ink 表达“用方法方式”时，所用介词分别为： in this/that/the same way by means of by this/that means with this/that method 【题组训练】用by,over,in,on填空： This form is to be filled in ink. This toy is not machine-made.lt is made hand. In the morning I usually listen to the news the radio.in by over/on表原因的介词短语 意义例句because of “因为，由于”通常作状语，位于句首或句尾。The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday because of the heavy rain.由于下大雨，这次运动会将推迟到下周六。due to“由于，因为”，通常作表语。His illness was due to smoking and drinking.他的病是由于抽烟和喝酒。thanks to “幸亏，多亏”，既可用于褒义，又可用于贬义，多用于句首。Thanks to the Partys good policy, the farmers are now living a happy and rich life. 多亏有了党的好政策，农民们现在过着既幸福又富有的生活。【题组训练】用because of.due to,thanks to填空： I came back late the rain. His absence is the heavy rain. The company has had a successful year, the manager.because of due to thank to四、 常考易混介词1. for与of后接不定式复合结构的逻辑主语 (l) It is +adj.+of sb. to do sth.=Sb.+be+ adj.+to do sth. 当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征时，用of。常见的形容词有：kind，good，nice，clever，stupid，foolish，considerate，polite，impolite，cruel等。如：It is kind of the teachers to help support the poor students.= The teachers are kind to help support the poor students. 这些老师们帮助支持那些贫困学生，他们真是太好了。 (2) It is+adj.+for sb. to do sth. 当形容词说明不定式的性质时，用for。常见的形容词有：important. necessary, possible ,impossible等。如： It is quite important for us to protect our environment. 保护环境对我们来说相当重要。【题组训练】用for或of填空： It is very considerate you to remind me. It is necessary the students to know some learningIt is possible him to come here soon.of for for 2. on与in表示处于某种状态 on用于表示动态，如正在从事某种活动或处于某种运动状态之中。如：on business出差；on a visit在访问；on strike在罢工；on sale在出售；on show在上映；on watch在站岗放哨；on fire在着火；on vacation/holiday在度假。in多用于表示静态状况，如安全、危险、健康，涉及人的情绪等。如：in trouble陷入困境；in danger处于危险中；in order有序，有条理；in surprise惊讶地；in silence沉默地；in high/low spirits情绪高涨低落。【题组训练】用介词on或in填空： The patients life is danger. The guard is watch now. The house is fire. in on on 3.besides ,except, but, other than, except for的区别 (1) 用于否定句时，besides，except与but可相互替换。如： No other students passed the difficult maths exam exceptbesides/ but Lin Tao and Wu Dong. 除林涛、吴东外没有别的学生通过那么难的数学考试。 (2) 用于肯定句时的区别 except意为：not including除之外（不再有）。如： We all passed the exam except Tom. 除汤姆没及格外，我们都及格了。（汤姆没及格） besides意为：in addition to除之外（还有）。如： We all passed the exam besides Tom. 除了汤姆外，我们也都及格了。(汤姆也及格了) 说明：besides在句中的位置较灵活，可放在句首，亦可放在句中；而except多放在句中。此外，except前几乎总有all，any，every，no及其复合词等，而besides前可用也可不用，依句意而定。如： He answered all the questions except the last one. 除最后一个问题没有回答外，其余所有问题他都回答了。 I have a few friends besides you. 除了你之外，我还有几个朋友。 All of them went to Beijing last summer besides Tom. 除了汤姆外，他们去年夏天也都去了北京。 except for表示“除了（因为）”之意，表示除去整体中的一部分，它所并叙述的事实或细节部分用来修正句子的主要意思。如： The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 这篇文章写得很好，只是有些拼写错误。 Your coat is good except for its color. 你的外套很好，就是颜色不太好。说明：当except用于句首时，后面往往要加上for。如： Except for this，everything is in good order. = Everything is in good order except this.除此之外，一切正常。 Except，but和other than都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形，可以互换；但except后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时，but和other than不可替换except。如： He has always been in high spirits except recently. 近来外，他总是精神饱满。（副词） The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏季外，这扇窗户从不打开。（介词短语） He has always been busy except when n is Sunday. 除星期日外，他总是很忙。（when从句） (4) but,except后都可接that从句作宾语；but, except可以互换。如：I asked nothing from him but / except that he should write to me every other week.我只要求他每两周给我写一封信。 (5) 以上比较了except，besides，but作介词时的区别，另外，besides还可作副词，意为“in addition；also；moreover；furthermore（而且，还有）”。如： I dont want to go;besides,I am too tired. 我不想去，再说，我也太累了。 This is my best suit; besides,I have two others. 这是我最好的一套衣服，我另外还有两套。 【题组训练】 用except，except for, besides填空： I know nothing about the young lady that she is from Beijing. I dont mind picking up your things from the store. , the walk does me good. The car is nice the color. We all went to the park Tom. Tom was ill in hospital. except Besides except for except 4. in与of表示比较范围 二词均可引出一个可供比较的范围，适用于形容词和副词的最高级，指三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。 in表示限定在某个范围内的最高级。 of表示同一类人或事物中的最高级；用于同类两者之间的比较时，比较级前须加定冠词the。如： Mary sings best in the school. 在这所学校，玛丽唱歌最棒。 Of all the boys,Jack runs fastest. 在所有的男孩里，杰克跑得最快。 Tom seems to be the more diligent of the two brothers. 在这对兄弟中，汤姆好像更勤奋。 【题组训练】 单项填空： The home improvement has taken what little there is my spare time. A. from B. in C. of D. at John is the tallest the students his class. A. of;in B.in; of C.on; by D.by; on C A 5. for与to接后置的间接宾语 (1) buy/cook/fetch/find/get/make/order/save/sing.+ sth.+ for + sb. (2)bring/give/leave/lend/offer/pay/pass/promise/read/refuse/return/send/show/teach/tell/throw/write.+ sth. + to + sb. 6. 形容词后的for与to 英语中经常遇见一些形容词与介词for或to搭配。这种搭配非常灵活，现将几种常见的搭配情况简述如下： (1)当形容词被副词too或enough修饰时，其后只能用for。如： The shirt is too large for me. 这件衬衫对我来说太大了。 (2)当侧重于与别人比较，有“就而论”之意时，常用for 如： Chinese is very difficult for me.I cant learn it. 中文对我来说太难了，我学不会。 (3)当侧重于主观看法，有“以看来”之意时，常用to。如： Chinese is very difficult to me,but Ill try my best to learn it. 中文对我来说很难，但是我会尽全力学习的。 (4)如果无特定的语境，则用for或to都可以。这时主要看说话者的态度，若说话者侧重第二条所述，则用for；若说话者侧重第三条所述，则用to。如： The text is very easy to/for me. 这篇课文对我来说很容易。 【题组训练】 用介词for或to填空： These maths problems are too difficult me. Smoking will do harm your health. This book is good you. The manager seems very good you. This book is not easy me to read. The house is big enough us two. for to for for for for 7. at，from，in的有关表达 (1) at:at dawn在黎明；at daybreak在拂晓；at sunrise日出时；at sunset/sundown日落时,at noon在中午；at dusk在黄昏；at night在夜晚；at home在家；at table在用餐；at school在上学；at college在上大学；at risk有危险，冒险；at last最后,at rest静止不动 (2) from:from memory凭记忆；from cover to cover从头至尾；from day to day日复一日；from beginning to end从头到尾；from head to foot从头到脚 (3)in:in a hurry匆忙；in high/poor/bad spirits情绪高涨低落差；in tears热泪盈眶；in fear在恐惧中；in danger在危险中；in peace和平地；in safety很安全；in need被需要；in good order很整齐；in silence静静地；in good health身体好；in love恋爱中；in public在公共场所；in doubt拿不准，不肯定；in print在印刷；in flower在开花；in store就要到来 【题组训练】 汉译英： 在手边 目前 处于战争状态 挨家挨户 在上班 at hand at present at war from door to door at work 8. of+抽象名词 = 形容词 of+ great/much+抽象名词=very+形容词； of+ no+抽象名词=not+形容词。如： It is of greatmuch value.=It is very valuable. 这非常有价值。The camel is of great help to the Arab.= The camel is very helpful to the Arab.骆驼对阿拉伯人来说很有帮助。It is of no use = It is not useful.=It is useless 它没用。This matter is of much importance. = This matter is very important. 这件事非常重要。 【题组训练】 同义句转换：The meeting is very important. = The meeting is .He is as old as Tom. = They are . of great/much importance of an age / of the same age 9. to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”delightdelightsurprisesurprise to + ones +horror = to thehorror of sb.sorrowsorrowjoyjoyregretregret这种表达法表示结果，作状语，位于句前、中、后皆可，意为“使某人的是”。为了强调，可在前面加much。 10. as ,like 两个词都有“像”的意思，但作此意讲时，as为连词；like为介词，后面加名词、代词等；当前面有such，as，the same时，后面用as。此外as作介词时，还有“作为”等其他意思。如： Do as I do. 像我这样来做。（as后面跟句子，美国人也常说Do like I do.） I have the same book as you( have). 我和你有同样的书。 He looks like his father. 他长得像他父亲。Adult as he is,his mother always treats him as a child. 虽然他已长大成人，但他妈妈总是像待孩子那样待他。 【题组训练】 汉译英： 让我高兴酌是，他得了一等奖。 我的笔记本电脑和你的一样。 他找到了一份当记者的工作。 这块大石头看上去像只猴子。 To my joy / delight, he got the first prize. My notebook is the same as yours. He got / found a job as a journalist. The big stone looks like a money. 11. with的用法 with在英语中用法繁多，在中学英语中也不例外，因此成为高考热点并不稀奇。其主要用法如下： (1)表示“和在一起”、“由陪同”或“有在场”的意思。如：Mr. and Mrs. Smith were there,with their family of three small children.史密斯夫妇带着他们三个年幼的孩子都在那儿。 Would you like to go to the theatre with us? 你愿意和我们一起去看戏吗？You cannot see Mr. Johnson at the moment,as he is with the manager.你此刻见不到约翰逊先生，因为他在经理那儿。 (2)表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。如： With time passing by,they have grown into big boys and big girls. 随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。 Temperatures vary with the time of the year. 温度随着时节而变化。 (3)表示“带有、带来、带走、携带”等，表伴随的意思。如： The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee. 服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。 He came downstairs with his coat over his arm. 他把外衣搭在胳膊上走下楼来。 It is very stuffy in the room, with all the windows closed. 由于所有窗户都关着，屋子里非常闷。 (4)引导一个表示方式的状语附加语。如： The stranger spoke with a foreign accent. 那个陌生人说话带外国口音。 He looked at me with a frown. 他皱着眉头看我。 同样用法的有：with a sneer嘲笑地；with a sigh唉声叹气地；with a sob抽噎地；with a laugh哈哈一笑，大笑着。 (5) 指原因或理由。如： She was shivering with cold她冷得发抖。 The small child trembled, with fear.那个小孩吓得打哆嗦。 His face was red with anger. 他的脸气得通红？ My wife is in bed with influenza. 我的妻子得了流行性感冒卧病在床。 【题组训练】介词填空： production up by 60% ,the company has had another excellent year. What do you want to do those old boxes? To put things in when I move to the new flat. It was a pity that the great writer died his work unfinished. With with with 12. by的用法 (1)表示“不迟于（某时间）”的意思。如： We have to be home by ten oclock. 我们10点钟之前得到家。 I have promised to have the work finished by the end of this week. 我已经答应本周末完成这项工作。 (2)表示“在期间（一段指明的时间）”的意思。如： They decided to travel by night他们决定在夜里旅行。 (3)指人体或物体的某一部分。如： He seized me by the arm他抓住了我的胳膊。 (4)表示“由于的结果；凭借”的意思。如： He succeeded by hard work.他由于努力工作而成功了。 (5)含有“以的幅度”的意思。如： This one is shorter than the other by three inches. 这一个比那一个短三英寸。 We lost the match by one goal. 我们以一球之差输了那场比赛。 (6)表示买卖东西所按以计算的数或量，或付酬所按以计算的时间。如：Milk is sold by the pint,butter by the pound,and eggs by the dozen.牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，蛋类论打卖。 (7)表示“按照”、“根据”的意思。如： By my watch,the time is half past eleven. 按我的表，现在是11:30。 By the expression on his face,he seemed to be displeased. 从他的面部表情来看，他似乎不高兴。 We shall get a storm before long by the look of the sky. 看天色，暴风雨就要来了。 【题组训练】 翻译下列句子： Can you finish the work by five oclock? The bullet missed him by two inches We sell ice creams by the thousand in the summer. 你能在5点钟以前完成这项工作吗？ 那颗子弹差两英寸就打中他了。 我们在夏天出售的冰激凌数以千计。13. 介词与某些词类的搭配 (1)名词与介词的固定搭配 要求用to的名词：key，answer，visit，apology，introduction，attitude, monument, devotion ,journey, entrance等。 要求用in的名词：interest，expert等。 要求用on的名词：mercy，congratulations，effect等。 要求用其他介词的名词：prize( for)，respect( for)，vi