高一英语非谓语动词及其用法

Thenon-finiteVerbs非谓语动词有3种形式：不定式、动名词和分词。它们不能作谓语，无人称和数的变化，但都具有动词的特点（带宾语或状语、有时态和语态的变化）。它们的句法功能如下：,TheInfinitive(具有名词、形容词和副词的性质),作主语1.Toseeistobelieve.2.Itsdifficult(forus)tolearnEnglish.3.Itsfoolishofhertobelievehim.=Sheisfoolishtobelievehim.这类形容词有:kind/clever/cruel/rude/selfish/careless/wise/stupid/honest/brave/generous/considerateetc,作表语1.Hisaimistowinthefirstprize.2.Allwecandois(to)wait.Onesdream/aim/ambition/wish/Thefirststep/WhatIwanttodoisto作宾语1.Hedemandedtobetoldthetruth.2.Hepretendedtobedoinghishomework/tohavefallenasleepwhenMothercamein.decide/fail/manage/refuse/pretend/choose/agree/hope/plan/promise/makeuponesmind+todo3.Idontknowwhattodo.decide/findout/know/learn/consideretc+疑问词+todo4.Anyonecanbecomeabetterscholarifhewantsto.5.-Areyouonholiday?-No,butIdliketobe.作介词but/except的宾语6.Ihavenochoicebuttowait/candonothingbutwait.(but=except前面有do，其后的不定式省“to”)7.Hewouldratherdiethangivein.8.Whowouldyouratherhavego,Maryorme?wouldrather/wouldsooner/may/mightaswell/why/whynot/cannot(help)but/hadbetter+do,作宾补或主补1.Illhavehimsaysomethingatthemeeting.havesbdo=getsbtodofeel;hear/listento;let/have/make;see/watch/lookat/notice/observesbdo但被动语态要+to,let例外Listentomereadthetext.Heisoftenlistenedtotosingthesong.Hewasletgobythepolice.2.Heorderedhismentofire.wish/advise/persuade/allow/permit/want/tell/ask/expect/order/require/requestetcsbtodosuggest/hope/agree/demand/arrangesbtodo3.Heissaidtobedoingtheworkofnextyear.Itssaidthatheisdoingtheworkofnextyear.sb+seem/appear/happen/besaid/bereported/beknown/befound/bebelieved+todo/tobedoing/tohave(been)doneIt+seem/appear/happen/besaid/bebelievethat.作定语1.Ihavealotofworktodo/nopentowritewith.,2.findagoodplacetostudyin,givemeaknifetocutsthwith3.thefirsttocome/tobeawardedtheNobelPrize4.thelastpersontodosuchathing最不愿意做的人5.thehousetobebuiltnextyearcf:thehousebeingbuiltnow/buildlastyear作状语(目的、原因、结果或条件）目的to/inorderto/soasto结果enoughto/tooto/soasto/suchasto/onlyto1.Thebusstoppedtopickuppassengers.2.Hespokeslowlyandclearlytomakehimselfunderstood.3.Hesetoutearlyinorderto/soastocatchthefirstbus.=Inorderto/Tocatchthefirstbushesetoutearly.4.Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle?5.Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.6.Imsurprisedtohearthenews.7.Hestooyoungtodresshimself.8.Ihurriedtoschoolonlytobetolditwasaholiday.onlytodosth表示出于预料之外的结果,但下列句子中tooto不表示结果,也无否定意义a.tooglad/pleased/delightedtodoImtoogladtomeetyou.b.tooready/willingtodoIamtooreadytohelpyou.Youaretooreadytofindfaultwithothers.c.tooanxious/eagertodoHestooanxioustoleave.d.Themanistooeasytogetangry.这人太容易生气了.e.onlytootoImonlytoodelightedtoacceptyourinvitation.f.Itsnevertoolatetolearn.不定式的否定形式Shekeptsilentabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.不定式的完成和被动式ThebookseemstohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.But:Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.Ihavealettertowrite/alotofworktodo.Heistoblamefortheaccident.,Thegerund(具有名词的性质),作主语1.Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.2.Itsnouse/nogood/uselessdoingsth.Itsnousecryingoverspiltmilk.3.Beingforcedtoleavetheclassroommadehimfeelembarrassed.作表语1.MyjobisteachingEnglish.cf:Onesdream/aim/ambition/Thefirststepistodosth.动名词作表语,可与主语交换位置,句子成立;现在分词则不能。,作宾语（动宾/介宾/it作形式宾语）1.Iappreciatehearingfromyouagain.2.avoidbeinginfectedbydiseases3.Hedoesntfeellikeeatinganything.4.Idontthinkitanygood/usecomplainingaboutit.常用doing作宾语的有finishmindenjoykeepimaginedelaypostponeconsiderforbidbanprohibitallowpermitmissescapepractisesuggestadviseappreciatepardonexcuseforgiveriskavoidresistadmitconfessdenyfancyopposekeeponbeusedtocanthelpinsistongiveupsetaboutdevotetofeellikepayattentiontolookforwardtobeaccustomedtoputoffleadtoobjecttocantstand/bear,beopposedtoonthewayto即将做某事How/Whataboutbusy/worthdoingneed/want/require/deservedoing(=tobedone)有些动词/动词短语后接doing/todo作宾语有很大的区别:remember/forget/regret/try/mean/stop/goonrememberdoing记得曾做过某事remembertodo记住要做某事forgetdoing忘记曾做过某事,forgettodo忘了没做某事regretdoing后悔已做了某事regrettodo对将要做的事感到遗憾trydoing试着做某事;trytodo尽力做某事meandoing意味着做某事;meantodo打算做某事stopdoing停止做某事;stoptodo停下来做某事goondoing继续做某事;goontodo接下来做某事,5.IlikeswimmingbutIdontliketoswimtoday.动名词和不定式都可作主、宾和表语，动名词表示一般、抽象的行为，而不定式表示具体、特定的行为。作定语1.awritingdesk2.aswimmingpool3.drinkingwater4.asleepingcar=acarforsleeping卧车动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途cf:asleepingboy=aboywhoissleeping现在分词作定语表示被修饰名词的动作动名词的复合结构1.Maryscominglateagainmadetheteacherveryangry.=ThatMarycamelateagainmadetheteacherveryangry.Marycamelateagain,whichmadetheteacherveryangry.,2.Wouldyoumindmy/mesmoking?复合结构作主语用所有格,作宾语用所有格或宾格3.Thenoiseofdesksbeingopenedandclosedcouldbeheardoutinthestreet.desk指物,只能用普通格4.Hisnotbeingallowedtoplaymadehimangry.动名词的被动和完成式1.Beingforcedtoleavetheclassroommadehimfeelembarrassed.2.Headmittedhavingstolenthecar.Imawfullysorryforhavingkeptyouwaitingsolong.,Theparticiple(具有形容词和副词的性质),作表语(doing/done)Thenewsisexciting.Weareexcited.cf:Hisjobisraisingpigs.动名词Hisaimistowinthefirstprize.作宾补或主补(doing/done/偶尔beingdone)1.havethelightsburningallnightIwonthavehimsmokingagain.havethecarwaitingatthegate,2.havethewatchrepairedtomorrow,haveoneslegbrokenIfeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind.makeoneselfunderstood/heard3.see/hear/watch/lookat/notice/feelsbdoing/do的区别seesbcrossingthestreet看到某人正穿过街道Motherdidntleaveuntilshesawhersoncrossthestreetandentertheschool.看到她儿子过街的全过程Iheardhimsinginginthenextroom.cf:IonceheardthesongsunginEnglish.Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.4.catch/find/send/keep/leave/set/getsbdoingTheexplosionsentusrunninginalldirections.5.see/findsbseated/sittingatonesdeskreading6.Whenhecameto,hefoundhimselfbeinglookedafter.,7.Soonsteamwasseenrisingfromthewetclothes.Thechildwaslastseenplayingneartheriver.作定语（doing/beingdone/done）1.Allthechildrenwerefrightenedtoseethefrighteningman.fallingleaves/fallenleavesvt现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动vi现在分词表示进行,过去分词表示完成2.afriendlivinginLondon=wholives/livedinLondonthemanstandingatthedoor=whois/wasstandingatthedoor3.thebridgebeingbuiltnow/atthattime=whichisbeingbuiltnow/wasbeingbuiltatthattimecf:thebridgetobebuiltnextyear/builtlastyear4.thebookwrittenbyLuXun=whichwaswrittenbyLuXun,注意：1.完成式不能作定语theproblemhavingbeensolvedtheproblemthathas/hadbeensolved2.昨天发生的事故常用theaccidentthathappenedyesterday不用theaccidenthappeningyesterday3.分词前可带有连词when/while/if/unless/though/evenif/once/wheneverwhenasked,whilecrossingthestreet,if/thoughinvited,onceseen作状语(doing/beingdone/havingdone/havingbeendone/done)(时间、原因、条件、伴随、结果、让步)1.Becarefulwhilecrossingthestreet.Havingbeenshownthelab,theyweretakentoseethelibrary.Hearingthenews,theyjumpedwithjoy.(时间)2.Beingrepaired,theswimmingpooldoesntopentoday.,Nothavingreceivedherletter,shewroteanother.Encouragedbyhisteacher,hedecidedtofollowamusiccareer.(原因)3.Givenenoughtime,wecoulddoitmuchbetter.Turningleft,youwillfindtheshop.(条件)4.Theystoodtherewaitingforabus.Theoldmanwentoutofthehospital,supportedbyhisson.Wewalkedasfastaswecould,hopingtocatchthefirstbus.(伴随)come/go/stand/sit/liedoing，常用doing/done作伴随性状语5.Thenewmachineworkstwiceasfast,thusgreatlyreducingcost.Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.分词表示自然的结果;不定式则表示预料之外的结果6.Though/Evenifinvited,hewillnotcome(让步),独立主格结构分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致,否则必须有自己独立的逻辑主语Seenfromthetopofthebuilding,thecitylookedverycharming.Timepermitting,wellhaveadiscussion.Doingmyhomework,someoneknockedatthedoor.WhileIwasdoingmyhomework,someone独立主格结构由名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词等构成，在句中作原因、条件、时间和伴随状语1.Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.2.Weatherpermitting,wewillhaveapicnic.3.Theirworkhavingbeenfinished,theywenthome.4.Themeetingover,theofficialscameout.5.Hecameintotheclassroom,hisfaceredwithcold.6.Thepolicesearch