2012新课标同步导学高一英语课件：12 module 1 europe《listening, speaking and writing》（外研版全国卷ⅰ必修3）

Section Grammar,一、被动语态(一般现在时和一般过去时)当说话人强调或特别关心行为对象，即句子的宾语，或没有必要说出行为者是谁时就用被动语态。其构成形式为“be及物动词的过去分词”，即bedone。 在被动句中，语法上的主语是行为的承受者，而实际的主语可用介词by来引导。一般现在时被动语态的构成是：am/is/aredone，一般过去时被动语态的构成是：was/weredone。,My computer is repaired every few months.我的电脑每隔几个月就修理。My computer was repaired by the storekeeper yesterday.昨天我的电脑被店主修理了。主动语态变被动语态应注意的事项,二、主谓一致主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上保持一致。英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：意义一致原则，语法一致原则和就近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则优先考虑。意义一致：指谓语动词的变化根据主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。,语法一致：指从语法形式取得一致，即主语是单数，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。就近原则：指谓语动词的变化是以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。,1单数主语、单个动词不定式、动词ing短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用and或both.and连接的动词不定式短语、动词ing短语以及主语从句作主语时，谓语动词则用复数形式。但是，and所连接的两个主语如指同一主体时，谓语则用单数形式，否则，谓语用复数。在what引导的主语从句中，如果表语是复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。,That book is on the desk.那本书在书桌上。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。How to do it is still a problem.这件事该怎样做仍是一个问题。The teacher and writer is her friend.这个既是教师又是作家的人是她的朋友。What the boy wanted were some books.这个男孩想要的只是几本书。,2有些集体名词，如crowd，family，team，group，government，committee，class，school，union，firm，staff，public等它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语境而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。His family is rich.他家很富有。The family were having dinner when I called.我去拜访的时候，那家人正在吃饭。,3有些表示总称意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如police，militia，cattle，poultry(家禽)等。The police have caught the thief.警察抓住了小偷。,4不定代词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。这类代词有either，neither，each one，the other，another，somebody，someone，something，anyone，anything，anybody，everyone，everything，everybody，no one，nothing，nobody等。Somebody is using the phone.有人在用电话。Everybody likes his poems.所有的人都喜欢他的诗。,5none接不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词为单数，接可数名词复数时谓语单复数均可。None of us has/have been to Beijing.我们谁都没去过北京。,6一个主语后面跟有with.，together with.，as well as.，like.，but.，except.等，构成并列主语时，谓语动词仍与前面的主语一致。Tom，together with Mary and Alice，is going to swim this afternoon.汤姆今天下午要和玛丽及艾丽斯去游泳。No one but your parents was there then.那时，除了你的父母，没有别人在那里。,7两个主语用or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.，not.but.连接起来，谓语与靠近的主语的数一致。Either you or I am to blame.或者是你，或者是我要受到责备。Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it.不仅仅是学生，还有老师都对此一无所知。,8在There be.句型中，如果有两个以上的并列主语，谓语往往与第一个主语一致。There is a book and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有一本书和三支铅笔。There are three books and a pencil on the desk.书桌上有三本书和一支铅笔。,9由quantities of.或amounts of.名词构成的主语，谓语动词用复数。Large quantities of food were wasted.大量的食物浪费掉了。,10在each.and each，every.and every，no.and no，many a.and many a等由and连接并列单数主语的结构中，谓语动词用单数。Each boy and each girl has got a seat.每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位。Many a boy and many a girl likes it.许多男孩和许多女孩都喜欢这个。,(2011上海卷)After getting lost in a storm，a member of the navy team_four days later.ArescuedBwas rescuedChas rescued Dhad been rescued,解析：句意为：海军小组的一名成员在暴风雨中迷失四天后获救了。考查动词的时态和语态。member和rescue之间是被动关系，排除A和C两项；rescue并非发生于迷失之前，不是“过去的过去”，排除D项，故选B，句子只是在陈述过去发生的事情，所以用一般过去时。答案：B,(2011四川卷)All visitors to this village_with kindness.Atreat Bare treatedCare treating Dhad been treated解析：句意为：所有来这个村庄的游客都受到友好的款待。考查动词的时态和语态。这里动词treat与句子主句all visitors是逻辑上的动宾关系，用被动语态；语境提到this village，因此这里叙述当前的情况，用一般现在时。由此判断选B。答案：B,(2011安徽卷)The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which_saved for other purposes.Ais BareCwas Dwere,解析：句意为：工厂用掉了65%的原材料，其余的留作他用。本题考查主谓一致。which引导非限制性定语从句，本句中的which指代raw materials，“the rest of名词”作主语，谓语动词应与of后的名词保持一致。故本题设空处应用复数，排除A、C两项；根据主句时态可知此处应用过去时，故答案为D项。答案：D,(2011湖南卷)Onethird of the country_covererd with trees and the majority of the citizens_black people.Ais；are Bis；isCare；are Dare；is,解析：句意为：三分之一的国土被树覆盖，大多数的市民是黑人。考查主谓一致用法。“分数或百分数of名词”作主语时，谓语动词需要和of后面的名词一致，the country为不可数名词，故第一空填is；第二个空前的主语中心词是citizens，为可数名词，所以第二个空填are。故答案选A项。答案：A,.同义句转换，每空一词1The teacher gave us some advice on how to improve our oral English.Some advice on how to improve our oral English_ _to us by the teacher.答案：was given,2Mom bought me an MP4 player last weekend.An MP4 player_ _ _ _by Mom last weekend.答案：was bought for me3He writes these books for children.These books_ _for children by him.答案：are written,4The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy_ _ _do heavy work by the boss.答案：was made to5He listens to the radio every day.The radio_ _ _by him every day.答案：is listened to,.用所给词的适当形式填空1The door wont_(close)，thats to say，the door needs_.答案：close；repairing/to be repaired2A fire_(break) out in the factory.More than 20 firefighters _(send)there to put out the fire.Unfortunately，one of the firefighters_(kill) by the fallen wall.答案：broke；were sent；was killed,3A singer and dancer_(invite) to perform at our school yesterday.答案：was invited4All the students but Xiao Wang_(be) going to Beijing tomorrow.答案：are,5Every boy and every girl_(ask)to obey the rules.答案：is asked6Some money as well as some books_(give) to the children in the disasterhit areas so far.答案：has been given,.单项填空1Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who_evening dress.AwearBwearsChas worn Dhave worn,解析：考查主谓一致和时态。首先the only one of.为先行词时，定语从句修饰的是one，即one是主语，而非后面的复数women，根据主谓一致的原则，谓语动词应该用单数，排除A，D。另外，从“is”可以看出句子是要表示一种习惯，因此要用一般现在时，排除C，故选B。答案：B,2This coastal area_a national wildlife reserve last year.Awas named BnamedCis named Dnames,解析：考查动词时态和语态。句意为：去年这一海滨景区被命名为一个国家野生生态保护区。根据主语“This coastal area”与name之间的被动关系排除B、D两项。根据句中的last year判断用一般过去时，故选A项。答案：A,3It is reported that many a new house_at present in the disaster area.Aare being built Bwere being builtCwas being built Dis being built,解析：此题考查主谓一致。many a做主语，谓语用单数，根据at present可知，时态为现在时。该句意为“据报道，目前灾区人们正在建设大量新房屋”。答案：D,4Linda，make sure the tables_before the guests arrive.Abe set BsetCare set Dare setting,解析：考查语态。set the tables摆放桌子，故set与tables为动宾关系，故用被动形式，而在此又作句子的谓语，C项正确。句意为“客人到来之前要确保所有的桌子都被摆放好”。答案：C,5Youve failed to do what you_to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you.Awill expect Bwill be expectedCexpected Dwere expected,解析：考查时态和语态。句意为“你没能按照你被期望的那样去做。”根据句意应选D项。答案：D,6Either you or one of your students_to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Aare BisChave Dbe,解析：句意为：要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。该题考查的是主谓一致，按照就近一致原则，one of your students的中心词为one，谓语动词该用单数，在本句中is to do表示应该(should)。答案：B,7The teacher together with the students_discussing Reading Skills that _newly published in America.Aare；were Bis；wereCare；was Dis；was,解析：句意为：老师和同学们在讨论美国刚出版的阅读技巧一书。不难看出主句的主语是the teacher，together with the students是附加部分，而Reading Skills是一个书名也应该用第三人称单数形式。答案：D,8Do you have any problems if you_this job?Well，Im thinking about the salary.Aoffer Bwill offerCare offered Dwill be offered,解析：考查条件状语从句的时态和语态。句意为：如果你得到了这份工作，你还有问题吗？哦，我正在想工资问题句中if引导条件状语从句，条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时，根据句意，应是被给一份工作，故应该用一般现在时态的被动语态。答案：C,9A survey of the opinions of experts_that three hours of outdoor exercise a week_good for ones health.Ashow；are Bshows；isCshow；is Dshows；are,解析：考查主谓一致，前面的主语是a survey，后面的主语是exercise。句意为“一个关于专家的意见的调查表明每周3个小时的户外锻炼对身体有好处。”答案：B,10The flowers were so lovely that they_in no time.Asold Bhad been soldCwere sold Dwould sell,解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意为：那些花是那么可爱以至于它们很快就被卖完了。句中so.that.引导的是结果状语从句，由于主句用的是were，所以从句也应该用一般过去时的被动语态。答案：C,11Each soldier and each sailor_a rifle.Aare given Bwas givenCbeing given Dwere given,解析：句意为：每位士兵和海员发了一杆来复枪。each.and each.连接两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；且soldier和sailor与give之间为动宾关系，因此选B。答案：B,12More than a dozen students i