高中英语定语从句

高中英语定语从句,概念：(1)定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。,关系词的作用：1)引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2)必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词:that、which、who、whom、whose、as、but(文语,置于否定词之后=that/whonot,“没有不”,在从句中作主语，宾语)常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）:when、why、wheree.g.：1.ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.2.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.3.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.4.Idlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.,第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。,that:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如：Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.（宾语）4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.6.Shesnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.（表语）7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.,which:指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.（主语）2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.（宾语）3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（表语）5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.（定语）6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.,who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人whom:宾格，在从句中作宾语;只可指人whose:属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。e.g.：1.Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主语）2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)3.Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.（宾语）4.Hesamanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=Hesaman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.比较：1.Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.2.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.（指人）3.Idlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（指物）=Idlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=Idlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.4.ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome,关系代词作介词宾语:关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.）1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?3.Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilourinformationage.4.Inthedarkstreet,therewasntasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.5.Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?6.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等),as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)如为限制性的，多用于thesameas;thesameas；suchas;asmany/muchas；soas等结构中。如：1.Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。2.Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.)3.-Whydidntyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?-Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.4.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.5.Dontdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.6.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比较：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.Imwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比较：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定语从句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（结果状语从句）,如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。（动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.）1.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.(as作宾语)=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.（as作主语）=Itsknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultooneshealth.=Smokingisharmfultooneshealth,asweallknow.（as作宾语）=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoonehealth.2.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子),.关系副词引导的定语从句:When指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）1.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.2.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行词为时间名词，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:1.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作状语）2.Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.3.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作宾语）4.Nextwinterwhich/thatyoullspendinHarbin,Imsure,willbeexciting.5.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.6.Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.,Where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.1.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.2.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意：先行词是地点名词，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作状语）2.Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.3.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.4.Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.5.Hesgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwhereheslikelytolosecontroloftheplane.6.Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylastmonthliesinwhat/theplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.7.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作宾语）8.Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabouttheplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.,Why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason时，可用forwhich指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如：1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidntattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.2.Idontbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.（作宾语）3.Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?（作主语）4.Hewaslate.Thatsbecausehegotuplate.=Hegotuplate.Thatswhyhewaslate.(表语从句)(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句),当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导，that常可以省略。way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如:1.Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway（that/which）Ihaveshownyou.,.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1.形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2.语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3.语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。1.ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。2.Beijing,whichhasbeenChinascapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4.翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为的字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.,引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when，wher