高考英语不定式专项语法讲解

Theinfinitive不定式,不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由“to+动词原形”(todo)构成,动词不定式有动词和名词的特征。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语等成分，但不能单独作谓语。,不定式,动词不定式的动词特征：,动词不定式可以有宾语，如：HewantstostudyEnglish.动名词可以用状语来修饰，如：Theraincontinuedtofallheavily.,一般式完成式进行式,主动语态被动语态,todotobedonetohavedonetohavebeendonetobedoing*tobebeingdone,解释,(1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。,(2)如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。,(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。,Theypretendedtobestudyingwhentheteachercamein.,Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.,Iwanttohaveaholidayassoonaspossible.,*动词不定式在以下情况有时态语态变化，可跟进行式、完成式、完成被动式、完成进行式，其它情况一般只跟todo/tobedone表将来,A)sbappear,seem,happen,pretend+todo/tobedoing/tohavedonesthsthappear,seem,happen,pretend+tobedone/tohavebeendone,b)sbbesaid,known,reported,believed,claimed+todo/tobedoing/tohavedonesbbesaid,known,reported,believed,claimed+tobedone/tohavebeendonec)sbbe+adj.+todosth,4.动词不定式的复合结构：for+名词或代词宾格构成动词不定式的复合结构。For所跟名词或代词是逻辑上的主语，动词不定式是逻辑上的谓语动词。Forustolearnforeignlanguagesisimportant.Itisimportantforustolearnforeignlanguages.Canyouarrangeforacartotakeusthere?,不定式的语态,（2）不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式动作的承受者，不定式用被动语态,Heaskedtobesenttoworkincountryside.,Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?,keyunlockthedoor,你有开门的钥匙吗？,（1）不定式所修饰的名词与不定式在逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式用主动语态。,Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.,Heishardtotalkto.,（3）不定式所修饰的名词与不定式在逻辑上构成动宾关系时，不定式用主动语态。,Ihavegotalettertowrite.,Ineedaroomtolivein.,(4)不定式在一些形容词后，与逻辑主语是被动关系常用主动形式表被动意思sthbeadj.todoItisadj.todosth.,6.动词不定式的否定结构是在前面加not，如：Hedecidednottogohome.Iamsorrynottohavehelpedyou.,不定式的语法功能,（1）作主语,Totalkwithhimisagreatpleasure.,一般情况下，不定式（短语）作主语时，通常用形式主语“it”代替,Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithhim.,注意,*1、动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。例如,Togettherebycartakesawholeday.Tomakeaplanforourfutureisimportant.,*Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.todoeg:Itisbraveofhimtosavethegirlinthewater.例如：kind,nice,good,brave,clever,wise,stupid,foolish,honest,careless,cruel,generousetc.*Itis+adj.+forsb.(用宾格)+todoeg.1:ItisnotdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell.例如：difficult,wonderful,meaningful,painful,useful,不定式的逻辑主语：of（品质）/for（性质）sb.todo,不定式作宾语的形容词常见的有：ready,eager,sure,glad,anxious,sorry,afraid,free,pleased,willing,此外还要注意一些特殊疑问词+不定式的形式（如：whattodo,wheretogo），作tell,ask,know,show等动词的宾语。,不定式作宾语的动词常见的有：want,hope,wish,ask,choose,decide,manage,offer,promise,refuse,seek,pretend,learn,afford,need,Idontknowwhattodo.,（2）作宾语,WouldyouliketowatchTV?,如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.能带形式宾语的动词还有think,believe,feel,consider,make等。,不定式动词在介词but,except,后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to。,1)Shecoulddonothingbutcry.,2)Ihavenochoicebuttogo.,3.某些及物动词：forget,meanremember,regret,try,goon,等可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语，但表达的意思不同,Iforgettobringmyhomework.,Iforgetopeningthewindows.,Imean“Ididntbringmyhomework.”,Imean“Ihaveopenedthewindows.”,6.wish,hope,plan,be,mean+tohavedone/hadwished.+todo表示原打算干却没能办到1.IhadmeanttogotoShanghaiyesterday,butwasdelayedbythebadweather.2.-Whydidntyoucometomybirthdayparty?-Idliketohave,butIhadanunexpectedguest.,在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldratherthan,wouldsooner,cannotbut,cannothelpbut等结构后直接跟动词原形或“not+动词原形”。e.g.:Youdbetterlistentoyourteachersopinion.Hecannotbutmovetoanotherstreet.Wecannothelpbutadmirehiscourage.Healwayspreferstorideabicycleratherthanrideonacrowdedbus.,（3）作表语（表将来时）,Myplanistofinishtheexperimentontime.,（4）作宾补,Iaskedhimtocometomyoffice.,注意不定式的省略,hear,see,watch,notice等感官动词后的省略,Iheardhersingthissong.,have,let,make三个使役动词后的省略,Imadehimstandoutside.,这两类省略的不定式一旦变成被动语态，不定式要补充完整.,Shewasheardto.,Hewasmadeto.,动词不定式作宾补省略to,口诀不定式省to十一个，五“看”二“听”一“感觉”，三个“使役”紧挨着，如若主动变被动，符号to千万别省略。,（5）作定语动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。Ihaveameetingtoattend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.Doyouhaveapentowritewith?,（6）作状语,目的状语,Wedoasmuchaswecantomakeourworldbeautiful.,注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.,结果状语,Hehurriedtotheschooltofindnobodythere.,原因状语,Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.,作独立成分插入语,用来说明说话人的态度,对整个句子进行解释.Totellyouthetruth,Idontlikethewayhetalked.,动词不定式做状语应注意：,1.Inorderto和soasto意义上没区别，但soasto不能置于句首,2.adj/adv+enough（forsb）to,3.too+adj/adv+to有肯定与否定,Thechildistooyoungtodresshimself.否定,Sheistooanxious(ready/easy/eager/glad)toknowtheresults.肯定,不定式中作结果状语的注意点：1）某些形容词在“tooto”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious,eager,glad,ready,surprised,willing,Shewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas.,2）在not,never,only,all,but等后的tooto结构中，too的含义为very，不定式没有否定含义。,Imonlytoogladtostayathome.Itsnevertoooldtolearn.,不定式的省略当不定式在某些词后充当成分时，常可省略动词原形，但要保留不定式的符号“to”,（1）形容词后不定式的省略，如：happy,glad,eager,anxious,ready,-Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?-Notatall.Iamhappyto.,（2）动词后不定式的省略，如：like,love,care,wish,hope,want,expect,prefer,mean,try,oblige,advise,persuade,-Willyougotothecinemawithus?-Sorry,Idontwantto.,（3）宾语补足语中的省略，如：ask,tell,order,persuade,advise,permit,allow,Theboywantstoridehisbikeinthestreet,buthismothertellshimnotto.,（4）在某些固定用法中的省略，如：oughtto,haveto,usedto,beableto，begoingto,-Alice,whydidntyoucomeyesterday?-Iwasgoingto,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.,5.及物动词want,need,require等，当其主语是“物”时，表示“需要”，常用动词不定式的被动式作宾语。(=want,need,require+doing),Yourbedroomneedstobecleaned.=Yourbedroomneedscleaning.,Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier_itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.Iveworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_inmynewjob.A.ExpectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects3.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouplesbutitremains_whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen,Exercises:,4.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered_thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented5.Allenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_tocarryallthewayhome.A.muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuch,6.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto7.LittleJimshouldlove_tothetheatrethisevening.A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking8.Th