高中语法_非谓语动词_讲解及配套练习

Grammar,非谓语动词,【三维目标】知识与能力：1.学习并掌握非谓语动词的基本构成及用法。2.通过本节学习，能够运用该语法规则解决较简单的习题。过程与方法：先自主学习，必要时进行小组讨论解决疑难问题。情感价值观：进一步提高自主学习能力及合作探究意识。,谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。e.g.Heworks.Hetakescareofthebaby.HewillgotoShanghai.HedidntgotoShanghai.HehasgonetoShanghai.Youarestudents.Youlooksmart.,单谓语或动词短语,情态动词/助动词+v.,系动词+表语,非谓语：无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语。e.g.Heworks.Hewantstoworkhere.Heisworkingnow.Hehasdonehiswork.,一、不定式与动名词做主语：1.动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为;不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。e.g.Climbingmountainsisgreatfun.爬山很有趣。TovisitChinaismynextgoal.2.不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。e.g.Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.3.动名词作主语有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句尾。常见于以下句型中：Itsuse/good/funItsuseful/nice/uselesse.gItsniceseeingyouagain.,1._alanguagerequirestimeandeffort.A.LearnB.LearningC.TolearnD.Beinglearned2.Itisnotalwayseasy_invitations.A.torefuseB.refusingC.toberefusedD.beingrefused3.How_theproblemwillbediscussedattomorrowsmeeting.A.tosolveB.tobesolvedC.beingsolvedD.solving4.It_forty-fiveminutes_therebybus.A.cost,togetB.takes,gettingC.takes,togetD.takes,togetto5.Itisnogood_.Youshouldgive_.A.tosmoke,itupB.smoking,itupC.smoking,upitD.tosmoke,upit,二、不定式与动名词做宾语：,1.下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语：want,wish,hope,expect,ask,afford,agree,choose,pretend,decide,happen,learn,offer,refuse,fail,plan,prepare,order,manage,promise,intend等。e.g.Heagreedtogetsomeonetohelpus.Theypromisednottobreaktheschoolrulesagain.,二、不定式与动名词做宾语：,2.在下列动词或动词短语后常用动名词做宾语：admit,advise,allow,avoid,bear,cannothelp,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,giveup,imagine.include,keep,keepon,mind,miss,putoff,permit,practice,resist,risk,suggest,stand,insiston,bebusy,beworth,feellike,cantstand,thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent(from),keepfrom,stop(from),protectfrom,beengagedin,spend(in),succeedin,admitto,be/get/becomeusedto,beequalto,devoteto,getdownto,lookforwardto,objectto,stickto,taketo,seeto,leadto,payattentionto等。,二、不定式与动名词做宾语：,3.有些动词既能以不定式作宾语，又能以动名词作宾语。两者意思基本相同，如：begin,start,like,hate,continue,prefer等。但有些动词两种形式意思有很大的差别，此类动词主要有：forget,remember,stop,regret,try,mean,canthelp等。,remember(forget)todosth.记住（忘记）要做某事remember(forget)doingsth.记得（忘记）过去曾经做过某事regrettodosth.对现在要发生的事表示“抱歉、遗憾”regretdoingsth.对已经发生的事表示后悔,二、不定式与动名词做宾语：,stoptodosth.停下来去做某事stopdoingsth.停止做某事trytodosth.设法，想法，试图trydoingsth.试一试，试试看meantodosth.打算，想要，有的意图meandoingsth.意味着，意思是，canthelptodosth.不能帮忙做某事canthelpdoingsth.禁不住做某事,二、不定式与动名词做宾语：,1.Hegaveussomeadviceonhow_English.A.learningB.learnedC.tolearnD.learn2.Itsapayday,andtheyarewaiting_.A.payB.payingC.paidD.tobepaid3.Idontknowwhetheryouhappen,butImgoingtostudyintheU.S.AthisSeptember.AtobeheardB.tobehearingCtohearD.tohaveheard,4.Iforgot_mynamewhenIfinished_thecomposition.A.tosign,towritingB.tosign,writingC.signing,writing5.-Youwerebraveenoughtoraisedobjectionsatthemeeting.-Well,nowIregret_that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone6.Shecanthelp_thehousebecauseshesbusymakingacake.A.tocleanB.cleaningC.cleanedD.beingcleaned,三、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做表语,1.表示一定的概念，具有名词的性质时，不定式和动名词可以互换。e.g.Myhobbyiscollecting/tocollectancientcoins.2.若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。e.g.Mywishistofindapart-timejobthissummer.3.现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词特征,也可以作为形容词。但要注意二者的区别e.g.Thepartywasveryexciting.Theywereveryexcitedatthenews,1.Herwishis_anengineer.A.becomingB.becomeC.tobecomeD.beingcome2.Somepeoplesgreatestpleasureis_.A.fishingB.tofishC.tobefishingD.beingfish3.Thereportwasso_thattheywereall_.A.inspiring,excitingB.inspiring,excitedC.inspired,excitedD.inspired,exciting4.-“Youlookpale.”-“Ifeelalittle_.”A.tireB.tiredC.tiringD.tiresome,四、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做定语,1.不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示未发生的动作或通常发生的某一动作。e.g.ThetraintoarriveisfromLondonHeisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.2.动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途，一般放在被修饰词的前面。e.g.awashingmachine（动名词做定语，=amachinewhichisusedforwashing）洗衣机areadingroom（动名词做定语，=aroomwhichisusedforreading）阅览室,3.现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作。过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意义。单个分词或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前面；分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面。e.g.therisingsun（现在分词做定语，=thesunwhichisrising）正在升起的太阳thechangingworld（现在分词做定语，=theworldwhichischanging）变化中的世界amovingmovie感人的电影excitedvoice激动的声音（形容词性分词作定语）fallenleaves落叶abrokencup一个破了的杯子（过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成）,1.Shesaidshehadaimportantmeeting_.A.toattendinB.toattendC.attendD.attending2.Heisalwaysthefirst_questions.A.toanswerB.answeringC.tobeansweredD.beinganswered3.TheOlympicGames_intheyear2012willbeagreatsuccess.A.beingheldB.tobeheldC.heldD.tohold4.Thefirsttextbooks_forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written,5.Atpresent,Englishisthemainsubject_here.A.tobetaughtB.beingtaughtC.teachingD.tobeteaching6.-Whoarethosepeoplewiththebanner?-Agroup_itselftheLeagueforpeace.A.callingB.callsC.calledD.iscalled7.Thepen_belongstome.A.whichitisonthetableB.lyingonthetableC.isonthetableD.whichonthetable,五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做补足语,1.在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式作宾语补足语，“宾语+不定式”构成了复合宾语。有些动词要求不定式不带to，有些要求必须带to，还有的带与不带都可以。以下动词后常跟带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语：ask,tell,want,wish,order,persuade,advise,allow,warn,encourage,cause,require等。e.g.Thedoctoradvisedhimtostayinbedforanotherfewdays.Wewishhimtoremainandacceptthepost.我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。,有些感官动词和使役动词，如see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,lookat,listento,let,have,make,keep,get等后常跟不带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语，常表示动作的整个过程。e.g.Wenoticedhimenterthehouse.我们留意到他进了那所房子。Thebossmadethemworktwelvehoursaday.老板让他们一天干12小时工作。,1.ThedoctoradvisedLaoLi_morerest.A.thathegetB.togetC.wouldgetD.get2.Soontheysawtheboy_inthecrowd.A.disappearB.todisappearC.disappearsD.disappeared3.Birdsareseldomheard_atnight.A.singB.singingC.tosingD.tobesinging,2.现在分词做补足语分两种情况：形容词性质的现在分词作补足语：e.g.Ifindthebookveryinteresting.我发现这本书非常有趣。（宾语补足语）Theboyisfoundveryannoying.发现这个小男孩很令人讨厌。（主语补足语）动词性质的现在分词作补足语：感官动词和使役动词，如see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,lookat,listento,let,have,make,keep,get等后可以跟表示动作性质的现在分词作补足语，表示“正在或持续做某事”。e.g.Iseehimpassingbyabank.我看见他正经过一家银行。（宾语补足语）Hewasseenworkinginthegarden.有人看见他正在花园里干活。（主语补足语）,1.Hekeptme_formanyhours.A.towaitB.havingbeenwaitedC.waitingD.waited2.Mothercaughttheboy_inthecorner.A.smokeB.tosmokeC.smokingD.beingsmoked3.HavingreadtheEmperorsNewClothes,weallfoundit_.A.interestB.interestedC.interestingD.tointerest,3.过去分词(done)做宾语补足语，说明宾语的性质或状态，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语。若是及物动词的过去分词，既表示被动，也可以表示动作已经完成（即先于谓语动词）。若是不及物动词的过去分词，则只表示完成。句子由主动变被动时，宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语。Thebossfoundhisplancarriedoutsuccessfully.Theboywasfoundlostintheforest.HaveyouheardthissongsunginJapanese?(宾补)ThissongisoftenheardsungeverywhereinChina.(主补),1.Ineedthischapter_beforetomorrow.A.rewritingB.rewrittenC.rewriteD.towriteagain2.Whenshereturnedhome,shefoundthewindowopenandsomething_.A.tostealB.losingC.missedD.stolen3.Therewassomuchnoisethatthespeakercouldnotmakehimself_.A.beingheardB.heardC.hearingD.hear,六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语,1.不定式做状语，主要表示目的、结果、原因以及评论性状语。不定式往往放在系表结构后面，表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。e.g.ShewassurprisedtoseeJimwalkin.看到吉姆进来，她很惊讶。不定式可以单独作目的状语，有时为了强调目的性，在不定式前可以加上inorder,soas。e.g.Tosucceed,onemustfirstofallbelieveinhimself.Inordertokeepwarm,weshutallthewindows.,不定式表结果，常用在tooto,enoughto结构中。有时不定式前加上only，表示出人意料的结果。e.g.Thechildisoldenoughtodresshimself.Wehurriedtothestationonlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.Thehusbandlefthiswife,nevertoreturn.有些不定式是用来表示说话者的观点或态度的，放在句子之外，修饰整个句子，我们称之为评论性状语。e.g.Ihaveneverseensuchaperson,totellyouthetruth.Tocutalongstoryshort,wedisagree.长话短说，我们不同意。,六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语,1.Ihaveenjoyedmyvisithere.Illbeverysorry_.A.forleavingB.ofleavingC.toleaveD.left2.Iwenttoseehim_himout.A.findingB.findC.onlytofindD.onlyfound,2.现在分词做状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方式、目的以及作评论性状语等。现在分词的一般式作时间状语，往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。现在分词的完成式作时间状语，往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生。e.g.Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedforjoy.Havingfinishedhisspeech,heansweredourquestions.作原因状语：Livingfarfromtheschool,Ihavetogetupearlyinthemorning.作结果状语，常位于句尾，前面的主句表示原因，后面的分词短语表示直接造成的结果。e.g.Thefirelastedawholenight,causinggreatdamage.,作伴随或方式状语，表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动作。e.g.FollowingTom,westartedtoclimb.我们跟随汤姆开始爬山。Shecameridingabrand-newbike.她骑着一辆崭新的自行车来的。现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性，多放于句尾，且与主句间用逗号隔开。e.g.Janekeptsilent,tryingnottoshowherfeelings.作评论性状语，有些惯用的分词