科技英语写作常见语法错误

科技英语写作常见语法错误,Subject-VerbAgreementsRestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClausesDanglingModifiers（垂悬修饰语）AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbs,Subject-VerbAgreements,例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed.说明Thesubjectis“application”,whichissingular.Applicationofthistechniquetoisdescribed.,例2GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribedGrowthandisolationofM13virusweredescribed.,ExceptionAsubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesasingularverb.例3Thenameandaddressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage.例4Researchanddevelopmentisattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists.,However,whentwoormoresubjectsarejoinedby“or”,theverbtakesthenumberoftheclosestsubject.Applicationoruseswerenoted.Usesorapplicationwasnoted.,Collectivenounstakeasingularverbwhenthegroupasawholeismeant,theytakeapluralverbwhenindividualsofthegrouparemeant.Theseriesisarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize.说明Referstotheseriesasaunit.Aseriesofcompoundswereobtained.说明Referstoeachcompound.,Experimentaldatathatweobtainedarecomparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults.说明Referstothedataasindividualresults.Afterthedataaredistributed,wecanmeettodiscussthem.Afterthedataisdistributed,wecanmeettodiscussit.说明Referstothewholecollectionofdataasoneunit.,Noneofthesampleswassoluble.Noneofthesamplesweresoluble.说明Referstoindividuals.Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities.Thisgroupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities.说明Referstothegroupasaunit.,Unitsofmeasurementaretreatedascollectivenounsandthereforetakeasingularsubject.Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwereadded.Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwasadded.FivegramsofNaClwereaddedtothesolution.FivegramsofNaClwasaddedtothesolution.Threeweeksareneededtocompletetheexperiment.Threeweeksisneededtocompletetheexperiment.,Compoundsubjectscontainingthewords“each”,“every”,and“everybody”maytakesingularverbs.Eachflaskandeachholderwassterilizedbeforeuse.,Bothcomponentsofthecompoundsubjectmustcontainthewordsinquestion.Otherwise,theverbmustbeplural.Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswereinvited.,RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClauses,Whenaclauseinacompoundsentenceisrestrictive,theclauseisnecessarytothesenseofthesentence,thesentencewouldbecomepointlesswithouttheclause.Restrictiveclausesarebestintroducedby“that”,not“which”.必须Whenaclauseisnonrestrictive,itaddsinformation,butthesentencedoesnotloseitsmeaningiftheclauseisdeleted.Nonrestrictiveclauseareintroducedby“which”aresetoffbycommas.补充,限制性定语从句Itwasnecessarytofindablockinggroupwhichwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.Itwasnecessarytofindablockinggroupthatwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.,非限制性定语从句Thecurrent-voltagecurves,whichareshowninFigure6,clearlydemonstratethereversibilityofallfourprocesses.不可用“that”,DanglingModifiers（垂悬修饰语）,Oneformofadanglingmodifierisaverbalphrasethatnotreferclearlyandlogicallytoanotherwordorphraseinthesentence.隐含前后主语的一致性,Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,theorthohydrogenscouldbeassignedtothehigh-frequencypeak.Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,wecouldassigntheorthohydrogenstothehigh-frequencypeak.,Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluated.Thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluatedbyusingtheproceduredescribedpreviously.Or,Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,wecanevaluatethepartitionfunction.,AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbs,Besurethateachsubjectinacompoundsentencehastheproperverbsandauxiliaryverbs.Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesamplescollectedin10-mLincrements.Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesampleswerecollectedin10-mLincrements.,科技英语写作表达的几个问题,1简明2富于变幻3辨析近义词4语法修辞及其他（1）由which,that,where引出的从句（2）不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰（3）词序（4）利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系（5）介词1)与描写实验过程有关的介词2)由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构,1简明例AscanbeseenfromFig.1,growthisrapid.Growthisrapid(Fig.1).Fig.1showsthatgrowthisrapid.AsshowninFig.1Fig.1shows,Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molbymeansoftheethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molfrom(orby)theethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.,下述句式可以更加简捷的形式表达常以介词或副词代替anumberof=several,someatatemperatureofatatsomefuturetimelateratthepresenttime(moment)nowaverylimitednumberoffewbymeansofbyorwith,duetothefactthatbecauseorsinceduringthetimethatwhileforaperiodofforforthereasonthatbecauseorsincefromthestandpointofaccordingtogreater(orhigher)numberofmoreifconditionsaresuchthatifcomparedwithA,BwasbiggerBwasbiggerthanA,considerableamountofmuchconsiderablenumber(orproportion)manyormostinacarelessmannercarelesslyinaconsiderablenumberofcasesofteninasimilarmannersimilarlyinallcasesalways,allinanycaseanyhowinconsequenceofthisfacttherefore,inexcessofmorethaninfewcasessometimes,rarely,seldominmanycaseschemistsaremanychemistsareinordertoto,inregardtoinrelationtoinrespecttointhecaseofinthecontextof以上可使用适当的介词，例如in,for,about,with,insomecasessometimesintermsofininthecaseofsodiumwithsodiumintheeventthatifinthenearfuturesooninthetemperaturerangeofbetweenandinviewofthefactthatsinceorbecause,largenumber(s)ofmanylargeproportionofmanyofgreatimportanceimportantofsuchhardnessthatsohardthatonthebasisoffrom,by,becauseontheorderofabout,overthepastfewyearsrecently,inrecentyearsowingtothefactthatsince,becauseasmallnumberofafewsubsequenttoafterasufficientnumberofenoughwithreferencetoaboutpriortobefore,ItisapparentthatApparently,hence,thusItappearsthatApparentlyItisinterestingtonotethatInterestinglyItwasin1977thatIn1977ItisclearthatClearlyItisourconclusionthatWeconcludethat,ItispossiblethatItmaybesaidthatPerhaps,Possibly,ProbablyItisoftenthecasethatOftenItispossiblethatthecauseisThecausemaybe,可去掉It,改用动词，而不用名词ItistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovideThisinvestigationisaimedtoproviding,两种类型的复杂句及其简化有被动式从句与主动式从句之分被动式从句Heusesaninstrumentwhichiscalledaspectroscope.Heusesaninstrumentcalledaspectroscope.（简化为后置的过去分词）,带有介词+which句子的简化(1)atwhichwhereAirportisaplaceatwhichspecialattentionispaidtotheweather.Airportisaplacewherespecialattentionispaidtotheweather.(2)bymeansofwhichwherebyAfuseboxisadevicebymeansofwhichexcessiveloadsareavoided.Afuseboxisadevicewherebyexcessiveloadsareavoided.,(3)ofwhichwhoseVenusisaplanetofwhichthesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200.Venusisaplanetwhosethesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200.,有介词from,in,for者不能简化Laboratoriesareroomsinwhichexperimentsareconducted.有助动词的句子，不能简化Hereisalistofexperimentswhichwillbe/shouldbe/havebeendonethisyear.（这里是今年要做的/必须做的/已做过的实验明细表。),主动式从句例ThemanwholecturesonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.ThemanlecturingonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.（简化为现在分词，作后置定语。）,再简化被动式Airwhichiscompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.Aircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.Compressedaircanbeusedforseveralpurposes.,主动式Malaysiaisacountrywhichproducesrubber.Malaysiaisacountryproducingrubber.Malaysiaisarubber-producingcountry.,2富于变幻比如，“称作”一词Suchfractionsarecalledasnon-freezingwater.Suchfractionsarereferredtoasfreezingboundwater.Thiswaterisdesignatedasfreezingwater.,再比如，报道、阐述、主张、确认Conflictingdatahavebeenpresentedinliteratureconcerningthecompatibilityofpoly(vinylchloride)-PVC-andpoly(methylmethacrylate)-PMMA.Thus,Schureretal1reportedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleonlyinblendshavingaPVCcontentgreaterthan60w/w,whereasRozinskaetal2claimedPVC/PMMAtobeimmiscible.Ontheotherhand,Parmeretal3assertedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleoverthewholerangeofcompositionshowingasingleglasstransition,Tg,inthesecondDSCheatingratetraces.MiscibilityofPVC/PMMAhasalsobeenconfirmedbyAlbertetal4bynon-radiativeenergytransferandNMR.,3辨析近义词例1absorbedby,adsorbedonadsorbedon（吸附于表面），absorbedby（吸收其中）。如：adsorbedonthesurfaceofsilveriodide.（吸附于碘化银的表面。）waterwasabsorbedbythesponge.（水被泡沫材料吸收。）,例2accuracy,precisionaccuracy（准确定），示值（实验值）与被测量真值（约定真值）的一致程度；precision（精密度），某一物理量多次测量值的一致性（或称数据的分散性）。例如：Althoughhighprecisionwasachieved,accuracywaslow.（虽然达到高精密度，但准确度低。）,例3actually,infact在例句“Actually,thereactionratesbyemployingsomeothermethodswereconsiderablyslower,”中，对于科学论文来讲，这里使用infact更为合适。与书面语言相比，actually更多用于口语。,例4adjust,calibratecalibrate的名词形式是calibration（校准），在规定条件下为确定测量仪器或测量系统的示值与被测量相对应的已知值之间关系的一组操作。可以用校准的结果评定测量仪器、测量系统的示值误差，或给任意标尺上的标记赋值；有时把校准的结果表示为校正因子或取校正曲线形式的一系列校正因子。可按上述的校正对测量结果做调整（adjust）。例如：Theresultsofthecalibrationpermittedustoadjustthefinalresult.（校准的结果允许我们去调整最终结果。）,例5common,general,ordinary,usual,routinecommon（普通的，共同的）,-Aluminamonohydrateisacommoncomponentofmanybauxites,ofwhichtheFrenchbauxitesaretypical.（-氧化铝单水合物是许多铝土矿的共同成分，general（一般的），OneofthebestandmostgeneralmethodsforpreparingketonesinthearomaticseriesistheFriedel-Craftreaction.（制备芳酮类化合物一般最好的方法之一是Friedel-Craft反应。）,ordinary（普通的，通常的），如：Heavywaterdifferssomewhatfromordinarywaterincertainphysicalproperties.（重水在某些物理性质方面与普通的水有所不同。）ordinarypressure（常压），ordinarytemperature（常温）。Usual（常规的），Undertheseconditiontheend-pointoftitrationcouldbefoundaccuratelyintheusualway.（在这种条件下，按常规的办法可以精确发现滴定终点。）,茲以method为例：acommonmethod普通的方法ageneralmethod一般的方法ausualmethod常规的方法aconventionalmethod传统的方法此外，routine（贯常的），如routinetest（惯常测试），是指按即定的程序开展的大量重复测试。,例6bymeansof,intermsofbymeansof与by,using,byusing同义，表示利用某种方法（手段，诸如IR,DSC,NMR,X射线衍射等）开展研究、观测；intermsof通常用在采用某种理论（说法）、参数来解释实验结果。,例如：ThethermalanddynamicmechanicalpropertiesofPES/PPSblendshavebeeninvestigatedbymeansofDSCandDMA.Sometimes,wehavetostudythemiscibilityofpolymerblendsbymeansofacombinationoftwoormoremethodsinordertoconfirmtheexperimentalresults.Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositions.Therelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedintermsofFoxequation.修改后，使重点（Tg与组成的关系）更加突出，此句的重点并非是Fox方程。WehavepreparedthecomplexoftitlecompoundanddiscusseditsthermaldecompositionprocedurebyTG-DTG,DTA,SEMandIRtechniquesandthecorrespondingnon-isothermalkineticsbymeansoftheMermsoftheMalekmethod.,例7curve,thermogramcurve（曲线），thermogram（热谱）。thermogram的一种解释是，住院病人，例行查房，体温的逐日记录。因此，以英国学者为主的热分析名词委员会主张称热分析的记录为“曲线”，而不称“热谱”。如DTAcurve（DTA曲线），DSCcurve（DSC曲线）。,例8derivative,differentialderivative（微商），表示某物理量P对温度T或时间t的微商，dP/dT(或dP/dt),如derivativethermogravimetry（微商热重法）differential（差，差式），如differentialscanningcalorimetry（差式扫描量热法）。,例9different,various,varyingdifferent（不同的），various（各种的），varying（改变的）。例如：Theresultsareclearlydifferent.（结果显然不同。）Wetriedvarious（或severaldifferent）methods.（我们试过各种方法。）Theeffectofvaryingtheconditionwas（改变条件的影响是）,例10mass,weightmass（质量），weight（重量）。如：massofthesample（试样质量，或简称试样量），而不称sampleweight（试样重量）。重量在本质上与力是相同的，即是质量与因重力而产生的加速度的乘积。,例11often,sometimes,usually它们在表现时间的频次上是不同的，usually,often,sometimes依次为“通常”、“常常”、“有时”，频次降低。如：Itwasusuallyobservedthat（通常观测）Itwasoftenobservedthat（常常观测）Itwassometimesobservedthat（有时观测）,例12standardmaterial,certifiedreferencematerialstandardmaterial标准物质，certifiedreferencematerial有证参样（或称有证标准物质）。standardmaterial用于检定仪器测量准确度的物质；certifiedreferencematerial用一种或多种技术上正确的方法，鉴定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鉴定机构所发给的证书或其他文件的标准物质。,4语法修辞及其他（1）由which,that,where引出的从句which1)通过which进行双扩展Thechangeofheatoffusionofpolyethyleneasafunctionofthespecificvolumewhichthesamplehasatroomtemperature,andwhichisrelatedtothecrystallinitythroughEq.(5)inChapterIVisshowninFig.IV12.,2)由于插入从句，which远离它所代替的主句中的词Inthecaseofcoldcrystallizationitissuggestedthatbyreasonofsomewhatrigidbackbonechainsinthesepolymers,therewillbesomelocalordersuchasparallelchainsornematicdomains,originatingduringquenchingthemeltandfrozenintheglassystate,whichfavorssubsequentcrystallization.,（2）不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰ThermaldecompositionkineticsofthecomplexesoflightrareearthbromideswithalaninebyDSCmethodDSCstudyonkineticsofthermaldecompositionforthecomplexesoflightrareearthbromideswithalanine,（3）词序Intheformofextendedhelicalchain,thejunctionzonesarelinked.Thejunctionzonesarelinkedintheformofextendedhelicalchain.Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositions.Therelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedintermsofFoxequation.,（4）利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系Examinethecontent