Unit 2 Religion and Belief.ppt

Unit2ReligionandBelief,Preparation,Discussion:1.TicktheactivitiesabovethatyouusuallydoatChristmas.HowdopeopleusuallycelebrateChristmasinourcountry?2.DoyouliketheideaofgivingandreceivinggiftsaroundChristmas?Tellyourpartneraboutthemostmemorable(Christmas)giftyouhaveeverreceivedfromyourfamilyorfriends.,Christmas,AChristianholidayhonoringthebirthofJesusChrist,Christmasevolvedovertwomillenniamleniintoaworldwidereligiousandsecularcelebration,incorporatingmanypre-Christian,paganpegn非基督教的traditionsintothefestivitiesalongtheway.Today,Christmasisatimeforfamilyandfriendstogettogetherandexchangegifts.,AboutChristmas,每年的12月25日，是基督教徒纪念耶稣诞生的日子，被称为圣诞节。从12月24日于翌年1月6日为圣诞节节期，它是西方国家一年中最盛大的节日，可以和新年相提并论，类似我国过春节。西方人以红、绿、白三色为圣诞色，圣诞节来临时家家户户都要用圣诞色来装饰。红色的有圣诞花和圣诞蜡烛。绿色的是圣诞树（它是圣诞节的主要装饰品），上面悬挂着五颜六色的彩灯、礼物和纸花，还点着圣诞蜡烛。红色与白色相映成趣的是圣诞老人，他是圣诞节活动中最受欢迎的人物。,圣诞五大要素,1.圣诞帽2.圣诞树3.圣诞袜4.圣诞老人5.圣诞大餐,4.圣诞老人,许多国家都保存了他们自己有关圣诞老人的风俗和传说。在荷兰的传说中，圣诞老人Sintirklass带了一个叫BlackPeter的助手，乘着一艘船于12月6日来到。他带着一本大书，书中描述了所有荷兰小孩在过去一年中的表现。表现好的小孩就送礼物给他们，不好的小孩便让他的助手带走。而德国的圣诞老人也带着一个助手，肩上背着装礼物的大袋子，手上拿着一根棍子。好孩子可收到他的礼物，顽皮的孩子却要教训几棍子。意大利的圣诞老人叫LaBefana；法国的圣诞老人叫FatherChristmas或PereNoel；瑞士的圣诞老人叫Christkindl或ChristChild；英国的圣诞老人叫FatherChristmas（圣诞之父），他的形象比其它圣诞老人更庄严一些。,5.圣诞大餐,在西方，只要是圣诞节享用的家宴都称为圣诞大餐。不过，有几道传统食品(Traditionalcuisine)是圣诞节所不可缺少的，比如圣诞火鸡、烟熏火腿、圣诞三文鱼、圣诞布丁等。传统的圣诞大餐，在最早的时候流行吃烤猪、火腿，后来是火鸡、三文鱼。总之是以肉为主。圣诞大餐的另一部分是甜点，如饼干、蛋糕等。在西方吃圣诞大餐不仅可以一饱口福，而且还可以领略一种极具情趣的文化。,Christmasputting,SantaClaus,SantaClaus,alsoknownasSaintNicholas,FatherChristmas,KrisKringleandsimplySanta,listeningtothewishesofchildren,Christmascracker,彩色爆竹，彩色拉炮(在英国主要用于圣诞节，通常装有小玩具和纸帽)Acrackerisahollowcardboardtubecoveredwithcolouredpaper.Crackersmakealoudnoisewhentheyarepulledapartandusuallycontainasmalltoyandapaperhat.InBritaintheyareusedmainlyatChristmas.,Reading1ASailorsChristmasGift,ThetextistakenfromChickenSoupfortheChristianSoul:101StoriestoOpentheHeartandRekindle重新点燃theSpirit(1997)publishedbyHealthCommunications,Inc.,WilliamJuliusLedererWilliamJuliusLederer,Jr.(Mar.31,1912Dec.5,2009)wasaU.S.NavalAcademygraduatein1936androsetotherankofNavyCaptain.HewasalsoafamouswriterinAmerica.HisbestsellingworkwasTheUglyAmerican,anovelcowrittenwithEugeneBurdickin1958.,Anadmiralisaveryseniorofficerwhocommandsanavy.,DavidLamarlm:McDonaldDavidLamarMcDonald(Sept.12,1906Dec.16,1997)wasanAdmiral(海军上将)oftheUnitedStatesNavy,whoservedasthe17thChiefofNavalOperations(CNO)海军作战部长duringtheVietnamWarera,AboutthisletterChristmasandotherholidayscanbeparticularlydifficultforservicemembersstationedoverseas.Thoughtsofthecelebrationstheyaremissingandthelovedonestheywillnotseeformonthstocomecanunderstandablyexacerbategzsbet使恶化feelingsoflonelinessandhomesickness.However,whiletravelinginFrancein1970s,WilliamJ.LedererwitnessedanincidentonChristmasEveinvolvinganAmericanNavysailorwhotouchedhimsodeeplythathesentalettertotheChiefofNavalOperationsinWashington,D.C.,AdmiralDavidL.McDonald.,ThisletterissoheartwarmingandinspirationalthatithasbeenincludedinChickenSoupfortheChristianSoul:101StoriestoOpentheHeartandRekindletheSpirit(1997)aswellasWarLetters:ExtraordinaryCorrespondencefromAmericanWars(2002).,NiceNice(pronounced/nis/)isacitylocatedonthesoutheastcoastofFrance.Blessedwith有幸拥有asunny,temperateclimate,Niceattractsvisitorsfromaroundtheworld.,GoodKingWenceslaus,“GoodKingWenceslaus”isapopularChristmascarolaboutakingwhogoesouttogivealmstoapoorpeasantontheFeastofStephen(theseconddayofChristmas,December26).,TheFirstNol,“TheFirstNol”isatraditionalChristmascaroltellingthestoryofthehumblebirthoftheKingofIsrael.TheFrenchword“Nol”means“Christmas.”,One-sentencesummaryofthetext:ThetextisaboutasailorwhoembracesthetruemeaningofChristmasandboostsotherpeoplesChristmasspiritbyhelpingpeopleinneedandsendingthemessageofloveandcare.,1.wretched:retdcharacterizedbymiseryorwoeverygreatsadness;distressedinbodyormind悲惨的2.restless:worried;anxious;uneasyirritable:rtbleasilyirritatedorannoyed易怒的3.dingy:dndi美didirty;grimy;darkdrab:dull;drearyshoddy:diofpoorqualityorcraftgreasy:gri:sicoatedorsoiledwithgrease4.listlessly:lackingenergy无精打采地，冷淡地stony:impassive;exhibitingnofeelingorwarmth5.tattered:shabby;raggedrundown:dirtyanddilapidateddlpdetd残破的,1.Sheworeadripping,tatteredovercoatandshuffledinonwet,rundownshoes.(L.30)Slowlyandexhaustedlyshewalkedin,soakingwetfromheadtotoe,withovercoatraggedandshoestorn.rundown:inverybadconditionbecauseofageorlackofcaree.g.:TheylivedinarundownfarmhouseinruralMaine,2.Hobblingtothemiddleofthefloor,shedidamerryjig.(L.55)Withsmallstepsshewalkedunsteadilytothemiddleofthefloor,andleapedintotheairwithjoy.hobble:towalkunsteadilyorawkwardly;tolimpe.g.:Shepickeduphercaneandhobbledacrosstheroomjig:alight,briskmusicalmovemente.g.:WehadagoodtimeaswetookturnsdancingapiratejigatWendysbirthdayparty.,3.Thepianoplayerbegantobeatout“GoodKingWenceslaus,”hittingthekeyswithmagichands,noddinghisheadinrhythm.(L.58)Thepianoplayerbegantoplay“GoodKingWenceslaus,”beatingthekeyswithextraordinaryskills,noddinghisheadtotherhythmofthemusicbeatout:tomakeapatternofsoundsbyhittinganinstrumentorotherobjecte.g.:drummersbeatingoutarhythm,4.Shebegantosing,andourthreesonsjoinedher,bellowingthesongwithuninhibitedenthusiasm.(L.63)Whenshestartedsinging,ourthreeboyssangalongwithher,theirvoicesloudandfullofzestuninhibited:ifyoudescribeapersonortheirbehaviorasuninhibited,youmeanthattheyexpresstheiropinionsandfeelingsopenly,andbehaveastheywanttoe.g.:Thedancingisuninhibitedandasfrenziedasanaerobicserbksclass,5.Thewallsshookashandsandfeetkepttimetotheyuletidecarols.(L.76)TheroomrockedasallthepeoplewavedtheirhandsandstompedtheirfeettotherhythmoftheChristmascarols,6.BecauseyouryoungsailorhadtheChristmasspiritinhissoul,hereleasedtheloveandjoythathadbeensmotheredwithinusbyangeranddisappointment.(L.83)EmbracingthespiritofChristmas,thatyoungAmericanNavysailorwithanunselfishactofkindnessfilledourheartwithloveandjoy,whichwehadfailedtofeelforalongtimeduetotheangeranddisappointmentinourheart,Questions:,1.Thewriterput“AdmiralDavidL.McDonald,USN”intheupper-leftcorneroftheletterastheaddressee.WhatdoesUSNstandfor?2.WhydidnttheauthorandhisfamilyfeelthespiritofChristmasbeforetheywerecheeredupbythesailor?3.Itwasmentionedinthetextthatthesailorputacorsageintotheletterhehadwritten.Towhomwasheprobablywriting?4.Howdoyouunderstandthelastsentenceofthetext“HegaveusChristmas”?,1.USNistheacronymstandingfor“TheUnitedStatesNavy.”2.TheydidnotfeelfestiveandcheerfulastheyshouldhavebeenonChristmasEvebecausetheirChristmasholidaysinFranceturnedouttobeacatastrophe.Everythingseemedtogowrong(e.g.:Ourhotelswere“touristtraps,”ourrentedcarbrokedown,etc.)Acatastropheisanunexpectedeventthatcausesgreatsufferingordamage.灾变,3.Hewasprobablywritingtohiswifeorgirlfriend4.Thesailorpaidtheoldflowerwomangenerouslytobrightenuphermiserableday;hegavegiftandcomplimenttomakeaweepingwomanfeelbetter.Bybeingwillingtogive,thesailorembracedthetruemeaningofChristmas.HegaveChristmastoallthepeopleintherestaurantbyshowingloveandconcernforthem,eveniftheywerecompletestrangers.,Exploration,Hanukkah光明节Itbeginsonthe25thdayoftheninthmonthoftheJewishyear,occurringinNovemberorDecember.,Easter复活节ThefirstSundayafterthefirstfullmoonthatoccursafterMarch21.Thisdaymarkstheresurrectionrezrekn复活ofJesus.Itiscelebratedwithreligiousservices,sharedmeals,andactivitiesforchildrensuchasegghunt.,Passover逾越节Itbeginsonthe15thdayofthemonthofNisan,whichtypicallyfallsinMarchorApril.DuringtheeightdaysofthismajorJewishholiday,JewscommemorateGodsdeliverance解救oftheJewishpeoplefromslaveryinEgypt,VesakDay卫塞节、维莎迦节,Holi荷丽节、洒红节Itiscelebratedattheendofthewinterseason,whichusuallyfallsinthelaterpartofFebruaryorMarch.ItisafestivespringcelebrationdedicatedtoKrishna,theHinduGodofloveandhappiness,whichinvolvesthrowingcoloredpowderorwaterateachother.,B.,PEOPLE:priest(C),vicar(C),imam(I),bishop(C),minister(C),rabbi(J),thePope(C),nun(C),muezzin(I),monk(C,B),PLACES:temple(C,B,J),chapel(C),church(C),shrine(B,C),convent(C),minaret(I),mosque(I),synagogue(J),monastery(C,B),cathedral(C),Consolidation,VocabularyA.1.f)2.a)3.h)4.b)5.g)6.j)7.c)8.i)9.d)10.e)B.1.wretched2.endup3.hobbled4.leanedover5.breakingdown6.shoddy7.smother8.radiant9.tattered10.berated,Translation,1.Hevigorouslydefendedhimselfagainstallegationslgen指控offraudandcorruption.(or:Hedidallhecouldtodefendhimselfagainstallegationsoffraudandcorruption.)2.Ifyouaregratefulforyourjobratherthancomplainingaboutit,youllbemoreproductiveatworkandendupgettingaraise.3.Helostbothofhisparentswhenhewasonlythreeyearsold,andhiswretchedchildhoodmadehimsilentandmorosemrs4.Thepressrespondedtothatfilmcriticsremarkswithablastofcriticism,5.Thequeueshuffledforwardslowly.Everybodyinlinewasgettingimpatient6.Whenratesofinflationgetoutofhand,financialmarketsoftenbreakdown7.Shypeoplecanbeemboldenedmbldn鼓励byaglassofwine,forpeoplebecomeuninhibitedundertheinfluenceofalcohol.8.Shewasdazzlinginhergreendressyesterday,andtodayshelooksevenmoreradiantinhersilvereveninggown,Grammar,A.1.c)2.d)3.a)4.b)5.a)B.1)small(=size)blue(=color)Japanese(=origin)2)large(=size)old(=age)furnished(=participleadjective)3)fantastic(=opinion)new(=age)German(=origin)4)wonderful(=opinion)soft(=physicalquality)woolen(=material)5)small(=size)square(=shape)metal(=material)jewelry(=purpose),Opinionadjectivesusuallygobeforefactadjectives.,Weoften(butnotalways)putfactadjectivesinthisorder:Howbighowoldwhatcolorwhereisitfromwhatisitmadeofnoun.大年颜地料,Appreciation,A.Thewriterhascreatedsomecompelling引人入胜的charactersinhiswriting,suchasthesailorandtheoldFrenchflowerwoman.Theoldflowerwomanhasbeendepictedmostlythroughdescriptionsofherphysicalappearance,action,anddialogues.Physicaldescriptionisoneofthemostcentralformsofcharacterdevelopment.Withtheemploymentofdescriptiveandspecificdiction措词suchas“woreadripping,tatteredovercoatandshuffledinonwet,rundownshoes,”thewriterpresentsbeforethereaderavividimageofapooroldwomanwhoisstrugglingtomakealiving.,Asthestorymovesalong,thewriterusesactiondescriptionstodeveloptheoldwomanscharacter.Strugglingagainstpovertytomakeendsmeet,theoldflowerwomansatdown“wearily”and“saidhoarsely”tothepianoplayer.Ignited点燃bytheChristmasspiritinthelovingandcaringsailor,she“jumpedup,wavingthe20-francnote,”“hobblingtothemiddleofthefloor”and“didamerryjig.”,Thewriteralsoutilizesdialoguestorevealthepersonalitytraitsoftheoldflowerwomantothereader,forcharactersaredefinednotonlybywhattheydo,butalsobywhattheysay.AftercomplainingabouthavingsoupforChristmasdinnertothepianoplayer,theflowerwomanlearnedthatthepianoplayerdidnotgetanytipthatnightandwasjustasmiserableasshewas.Themomentshegota20-francnoteasChristmasgiftfromthegeneroussailor,shemerrilyshoutedtothepianoplayerthatshewouldsplitthemoneywithhimsothathecouldhaveadecentChristmasdinneraswell.Fromthesedialogues,thereadercanlearnaboutthewarm-heartednatureoftheoldflowerwoman,andfeelevenmoresympathyaswellasrespecttowardsher.,B.Thestatement“Everyonehadstoppedeating.Everyonewaswatchingthesailor.Everyonewassilent.”embodiesatypicalexampleofparallelstructure(parallelism).Parallelstructureorparallelismistherepetitionofthesamepatternofwordsorphraseswithinasentenceorpassagetoshowthattwoormoreideashavethesamelevelofimportance.Parallelstructureaddsbothforceandclaritytooneswriting.Itcanalsocreateasatisfyingrhythminthelanguage,Thewriterrepeatsthephrase“everyone.”inordertoadddramaandemphasistohisdescriptionoftheatmosphereintherestaurantafterthesailorreachedout倾注inkindnesstopeoplearoundhim,IsChristmasbecomingtoocommercialized?,SuggestedprosandconsYES:Christmashasbeenslowlylosingitstruemeaningformanyyears.ThisonceverytraditionalandextremelyimportantChristiancelebrationhasbeenturnedintoashoppingfrenzythatinsultswhatthedaywassetaside.TheChristmasseasonhasbecomeaseasonofconsumerism.Tomanypeople,Christmasisjustanotherexcusetogivepresents,havepartiesandgetdrunk.,NO:AlthoughChristmashasgivenopportunitytomanycommercialventures,thecommercialaspectoftheseasonisnotthereasonforcelebration.MostofusknowthemeaningbehindChristmasandhonorthetrueChristmasspirit.Christmasismorethanadateonthecalendar;itisaseasonoftheheart.Externalforcescannotdictate控制whenandhowwecelebrateChristmas.Yourownpersonalchoicesultimatelydecidehow“commercialized”theholidaywillbeforyou,B.Listening,MynamesDanPearmanandIdliketotalkabouttheworkofPedalPower,asmallcharitybasedmainlyintheU.K.Illbegivingourcontactdetailsattheend,ifanyonewouldliketofindoutmoreabouthowtosupportusButfirst,howthecharitybegan.IgottheideaofexportingbicyclestodevelopingcountrieswhileIwasinEcuador.Iwenttherein1993justaftergraduationfromuniversity.Afterthreeyearsofstudying,Iwantedadventure.Ilovedtraveling,soIdecidedtojoinavoluntaryorganizationandwassenttoEcuadortocarryoutlandsurveys.,TheprojectcametoanendafterfiveyearsandwhenIreturnedtotheU.K.in1998,IstartedplanningPedalPowerWhereIlivedinEcuadorwasaveryruralarea.Myneighborhadtheonlybicycleinthevillage,whereaseveryoneelsewalkedeverywhere.Myneighborsbusinesswasunusuallysuccessful,andforyearsIcouldntunderstandwhy.ThenIrealizedhavingabikemeanthecouldgetwherehewantedtogowithoutmuchtrouble.Otherlocalcarpenterscouldonlyacceptjobsinathreekilometerradius,sonomatterhowskilledtheywere,theycouldneverdoasmanyjobsasmyneighbor.,AtPedalPower,wecollectsecondhandbikesintheU.K.andsendthemtosomeofthepoorestregionsintheworld.Whenwedistributebikesoverseaswedontgivethemawayforfree.Wedliketo,butlongtermthatdoesntreallyhelpthelocaleconomy.Thedemandforbikesisenormous,whichmakesthemveryexpensivelocally.Sowesellthemfor5%ofthenormalprice.Butinordertocontinueoperatingweneedtohaveaconstantsupplyofbikeswhichwesendouteverysixmonths,OneexampleofatownthatsreceivedbicyclesfromPedalPowerisRivas.ItwasthefirstplaceIsentafullcontainerofbicyclesto.Mostpeopletherenowownabicycle.Thelocaleconomyhasdevelopedsomuch,youwouldntrecognizeitasthesameplace.Infact,therearemorebikesthanonthestreetsofAmsterdam,ifyouveeverbeenthereButPedalPowerstillneedsyourhelp.YoumayhavereadaboutsomeofourrecentproblemsintheBritishmedia.InAugust2000,wesimplyranoutofmoney.Wehadcontainersofbikesreadytosend,butnomoneytopaythebills.Itwasaterriblesituation.Wemanagedtoensurethebikeswentoutontime,buttheotherproblemscarriedonforseveralmonths.,III.Reading2EasternReligionandPhilosophyQuestions：1.WhatarethefundamentalprinciplesofHinduism?2.WhatarethefeaturessharedbybothConfucianismandDaoism?3.WhatimpacthasBuddhismhadonJapaneseculture?,Suggestedanswerstothequestions1.TherearesomefundamentalprinciplesofHinduism.Oneisdharma教规d:m,onesroleinlife.Anotherisreincarnation,whichmeansthesoulprogressesthroughacycleofdeathsandrebirthsuntilitultimatelyattainspeaceinnirvananv:n.Athirdoneiskarma,k:m因果报应theaccumulatedrecordofmanylives.Hinduismalsorecommendsthepracticeofyoga,awordthatmeansthebondoryokebetweenbodyandspirit.,dharma教规d:m:basicprinciplesofthecosmos;also:anancientsageinHindumythologyworshippedasagodbysomelowercastes.N-nirvana:UNCOUNT不可数名词(印度教和佛教的)涅槃，灵魂超脱IntheHinduandBuddhistreligions,Nirvanaisthehighes