第3章词素结构

,Chapter3MorphologicalstructureofEnglishwords,Objectives:Discussmorphemes,theirclassificationandidentification;Explaintherelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword-formationTeachingfocus:DefinitionofmorphemesDefinitionofallomorphsTypesofTypesofmorphemesfreemorphemeboundmorphemeDefinitionsofroot,stemandbase,1.Morpheme,Whatisamorpheme？Itistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位,2.Morphandallomorph,Thedefinitionofmorphs：Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermedmorphs.语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.形素是口语中最小的意义载体。,Whatisanallomorph?,Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme.语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。,Forexample,Whenthepluralmarkersisaddedtocat,dog,andhorse,itispronounceddifferentlyas/-s,-z,-iz/andthushasthreephonologicalforms;thethreeformsarejustthevariantsofthesamemorphemes,i.e.theallomorphsofmorphemes.,3.Classificationsofmorphemes,Freevs.boundmorphemesintermsoftheircapacityofoccurringaloneDerivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemesapplyingtoaffixesonlyContent/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemeonasemanticandsyntacticbasis,Freevs.boundmorphemes自由语素与粘着语素,Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。E.g.,man,wind,open,tour,Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。,Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.自由语素都是词根,也叫自由词根,能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots(boundroots)oraffixes.粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。E.g.,boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-ic,Amultitudeofwordsmadeupofmerelyboundmorphemes,eg:ante-ced-ent.-ced-是词根，接近，ante-是前缀，在前，-ent是后缀，人，物，,Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes派生语素与屈折语素,Whatarederivationalandinflectionalmorphemes?,Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme.InEnglishderivativesandcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes.派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。,Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。,Whatsthedifferencebetweenthem?,InflectionalDoesntchangemeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(workworks)Indicatessyntacticrelationsbetweendifferentwordsinasentence.(grammaticalmeaning)Occurswithallmembersofsomelargeclassofmorphemes.Occursatmarginsofwords.(radioradios),DerivationalChangesmeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(like-dislike,sleepasleep)Indicatessemanticrelationswithintheword.(specificlexicalmeaning，e.g.,un-)OccurswithonlysomemembersofaclassofmorphemesOccursbeforeanyinflectionalsuffixesadded.,Content/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemes,Lexical词汇/content实义morphemesaremorphemesusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwords(blackbirdiscoinedonthebasisof2lexicalmorphemes:blackandbird.),andderivationalmorphemessuchasship,-ize.Grammaticalmorphemesfunctionprimarilyasgrammaticalmarkers.Theyencompassbothinflectionalaffixes(-books)andfreemorphemes(in,and,do,have,theyfunctionalwords),3.4IdentifyingMorphemes,Howtoidentifymorphemes?Theyshouldbeidentifiablebytheirforms,meaninganddistribution.e.g.,mono-morphemic:skydouble-morphemic:chill+y,boy+ishtriple-morphemic:un+dress+ed,care+less+nessfour-morphemic:un+fruit+ful+nessover-four-morphemic:un+gentle+man+li+ness,Inwhatsituationdomorphemesmismatchbetweenformandmeaning?,1)Inconsistentinformandmeaning:singer(onewho)erclearer(thecomparativedegree)eraser(oneobject)2)Meaninglessinisolationbutmeaningfulinsomewordscran-huckle-berryboysen-3)Difficulttodefinethemeaning-ceiveinconceive/perceive/receive,3.5MorphemeandWord-formation,Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。,Affix,Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Allaffixesareboundmorphemes.词缀都是粘着语素，依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。Twotypesofaffixes:InflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes屈折词缀和派生词缀,Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)servetoindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。Theyexpressthefollowingmeanings:,Plurality名词复数Thegenitivecase名词所有格Thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees形容词/副词比较级、最高级Theverbalendings动词词尾变化,e.g.-sinchairs,pens;-esinboxes,tomatoes;-eninoxene.g.sinboys,childrense.g.-erinwordslikesmaller;-estinwordslikesmallest.a.-(e)sinwordslikeeats,teachesshowsthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense.b.-inginwordslikeeating,showsthepresentparticipleorgerund.c.-(e)dinwordslikeworkedshowsthepasttenseorpastparticiple.,DerivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemesTheycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.,(1)Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot.e.g.，unjust,rewrite.Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.(2)SuffixesareaffixesaftertherootBytheadditionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e.g.liberation,modernize.,Root,stem,base词根、词干、词基,Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。,Astemisthatpartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。,Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional)canbeadded.Itcanbearootorastem.词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。,词根、词干、词基,词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的，