研究生综合英语2,单元7

.,Review,ByIris,.,WhentheOlympicsroll_around,Journaliststendtoeulogize(称颂)_theGreekGamesasbeingpureanduncommercial,whichissheernonsenseandthepuristss_moderninvention.AsfarasHomersIliad,Greekathletescheatedwiththeentireethic_basedonwinning,liketakingdives,jumpingthegun,orevenviciouslyelbowed_therivals,whichwasdifficultindeterminingtheresponsibleastheGreekathleteswereobligedtocompeteinthenude(裸体)_.,Review,.,Thebarenessmaypreventtheathletestoendorse_theproducts,buttheso-calledamateursmaybeawardedwithprizemoney,paidbythehugefeesforpersonalappearanceorevenabsolveed(免除)fromthetaxes.ThecommercialOlympicswerealsopolitical.Thegreatathletemaychangethecitizenship_enticedbyabigsumofmoney,whichhappensallthetimetodaywithcorporate（司空见惯）executives(管理人员)_.Theancientmisbehaviorclimaxedwithtworatherbizarreanecdotes(轶事)_ofthekings;onepoisoned_thewinnerwhodefeatedhimandtheotherwasdeclaredasthewinnerinspiteoftheapparentdefeat.,Review,.,WhentheGameswererevivedin1896,alltheancientshenaniganswererevivedwiththeaddedrefinements_.WhentheGreekSpiridonmaywinthemarathon_,hefortifiedhimselfalongtheroadwithswigsofsugaredwine.Bycontrast,theAmericanFredwasdiscoveredthathehadnotgonetheentiredistanceunderhisownsteamjustbeforehewasawardedthewinner.Moreominous(严重的)_isthefactthatdistancerunnerbegantakingstimulants.HickswasapioneerinsustaininghimselfwithsmalldozesofStrychnineandkepthismedalalthoughhisphysicianwasnotsecretiveaboutit.Thenin1908,theItalianDorandowasnotsolucky.HenearlydiedoftheStrychninedoseandwasdisqualified_.Sincethen,thetragiccasesspurred_theIOCtoinitiatedrugtesting.,Review,.,In1976,Olympiccheatingenteredtheelectronic_Age,whentheRussianBorisrewiredhisswordtolightatanytimehewoulddeemappropriate.Thenthereisthematterofsex_cheating,involvingthewomentakingsuchlargedosesofmalehormones(荷尔蒙)_toimprovetheirperformance.TheGermanDora,whomissedagoldmedalinhewomenshighjumpinthenotoriousOlympicsof1936,wasfoundamediocremaleathletes.,Review,.,AlthoughIhavepresentedanexcessivelybleak(黑暗)_pictureofaninherentlygloriousevenabove,Istilldonotsharethepessimism(悲观主义)_oftheothers.Theanecdotesoftheskullduggeryisnothingjusttoprovethatthegameshavealwayssufferedfromthe“humanfrailty(弱点)_”.AndIfirmlybelievethatthemajorityofspectatorstodaywatchtheOlympicstoseepure_excellence.,Review,.,Toobigforonesboots妄自尊大,目中无人Handinglove亲密地,勾结着Lineonespocket靠欺騙的手段賺錢，貪婪地賺錢Cutonescoataccordingtoonescloth量力而为Loseonesshirt丧失全部财产,IdiomStudy,.,Belowthebelt不公正地的Stepintosb.sshoes接替某人的位置Betiedtosb.sapronstrings依赖Hotunderthecollar发怒的,气得要争吵的Onthewrongsideoftheblanket私生的,IdiomStudy,.,Hebecame_whenherealizedthathehadbeencheated.Youshouldnothaveusedwhatyouknowofhispastagainsthimthatwas_.Iwonthethirdprizeonly.Itisnotenoughformeto_.Iwillstillhavetowork.Suesreallybeengettingtoo_sinceshebecametheManagingDirectorssecretary.TheladyalwaysboastedofbeingaDukesdaughter,andsoshemighthavebeen,butborn_.,IdiomStudy,hotunderhiscollar,belowthebelt,linemypocket,bigforherboots,onthewrongsideoftheblanket,.,DidyouhearwhathappenedtoJoe?Hes_,thepoorguy.ThenMr.Jonesretires,hissonwill_.Howcomeyourbrand-newT-shirt?HowmanytimeshaveItoldyouthatyoushould_?Drugtraffickinggoes_withothersortsofcrime.Shewillneverleavehome;sheistoo_tohermothers_.,IdiomStudy,losthisshirt,stepintohisshoes,handinglove,tied.apronstrings,.,Aneffectiveopeningparagraphshoulddothesethings:Getyourreadersattentionandinteresttheminreadingmore.Announceorsuggestyoumainideawithoutdelay.Giveyourreadersasignalaboutthedirectionyouintendtotake.Setthetoneofyouressay.,Writing,.,Herearesomeapproachesthatwritersrelyon.1.Makeacommitmenttoyourreaders.Acommitmentintroducesreaderstoatopicbypromisingtosupplymoreinformation.,Writing,.,Example.Idliketosuggestawaythatourfirmcanalsocontributetothiscivicproject.Thewritergiveshisaudiencethenecessarybackgroundinformationaboutthecivicproject,thencommitshimselftoexplaininghisproposal.,Writing,.,2.Makeadirectannouncementofyourintensions.Foramoreformalpaper,youmaywanttowriteaparticularlystraightforwardannouncementinyouropeningparagraph,especiallyinappliedessays.,Writing,.,Example.ImwritingtoapplyforthepositionadvertisedinChinadaily.Ofallthedevelopmentsofatomicphysics,twopossibilitiesaffectourfuturemorethananyother:electricityproducedbythefission(裂变)processandannihilation(灭绝)bynuclearstrike.,Writing,.,3.AskaquestionAthirdstrategyistoposeaquestionthathighlightsaproblemorpiquesreaderscuriosity.Notonlycanquestionsprovideatantalizing(着急)lead-in,buttheyalsomakecommitments.,Writing,.,ExampleWhatmakesagoodchallenge?Thisquestionseemsdeceptivelysimple.However,formillionsofstudentsandparentswhoeachyearhopetochoose“therightschool”fromaseeminglyendlesslistofcollegesanduniversities,theanswerrarelyissimple.Thewriterleadsoffwiththecentralquestionshewillanswerinherarticle.,Writing,.,4.FocusonkeyfactsAnothergoodanchoristhestatementofanimportantfactthatcluesthereadersintowhatyourtopicisgoingtobeandgivesthemthebaseofinformationthattheyneedtocontinuewiththeirreading,especiallyinanargumentpaper.Youmaytalkabouttheotheropinionsandelicityourstand.,Writing,.,Aneffectiveconcludingparagraphforapapershouldgiveyourreadersthesensethatyouhavebroughtthepapertoasatisfactoryconclusion,thatyouhaveleftnolooseendsorunansweredquestions.Hereare3patternsthatmakeforsatisfyingendings.,Writing,.,1.Makearecommendationwhenoneisappropriate.Sucharecommendationshouldgrowoutoftheissueyouhavebeendiscussing.,Writing,.,ExampleWhenyoudecidetochangeyoureatinghabit,yourmottoshouldbe“Eatbetter”,not“EatPerfectly”.Aconclusionfromapaperonnutrition,Writing,.,2.Summarizethemainpointsyouhavemade.Youcanbringyourpapertoaneffect