学术英语医学

学术英语医学,AcademicEnglishforMedicine,Unit3,PreventionandTreatmentofDiseasesDespitetheprogressinmedicine,manydiseasesarestilluntreatableandincurable.Ithasbeengenerallyagreedthatpreventionismorecost-effectivethanthetreatmentofdiseases.Herecomesomefundamentalquestions:Whichplayamoreimportantroleincausinghumandiseases,genesorenvironmentalfactors?Whydopeoplewithgoodinterpersonalrelationshipslivehealthierandlonger?Whatarethemajorstepsindevelopinganewdrug?Inthisunit,wewillprobablyfindtheanswerstothesequestions.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,UnitContents,Lead-in,TextA,TextB,TextC,Listening,Speaking,Writing,GetreadingforUnit9,Lead-in,IssuestobecoveredTask,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Lead-in,Issuestobecovered,ThecommonandspecialmeansoftreatmentandpreventionofdiseasesThedifferentrolesofgenesandenvironmentincausingdiseasesTherelationshipbetweeninterpersonalrelationshipandhealthThemajorstepsindesigninganddevelopingnewdrugs,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Lead-in,Yourexperiencewhenyoufellilllasttime,TimeVisitstodoctorDiagnosisTreatment,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Lead-in,Task:Workinpairsanddiscussthecausesandtreatmentsyouknowofthefollowingconditions.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Lead-in,Task:Workinpairsanddiscussthecausesandtreatmentsyouknowofthefollowingconditions.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingTopicsforpresentationKnowledgeofthesubjectmatterUsefulexpressionsSuggestedanswers,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Topicsforpresentation,1.HowwasTerryslifebeforeshewasdiagnosedwith(Pre.1),lovedpracticingTaeKwonDolovedthesurgeofadrenalinethatcamewiththecontrolledcombatoftournamentscompetednationally,evenwinningabronzemedalinthetrialsforthePanAmericanGamesattendedmedicalschool,practicedasaninternalmedicineresidency,becameanacademicgeneralinternistmarriedandgotasonandadaughter,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Topicsforpresentation,2.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutMSandautoimmunedisease?(Pre.2),Symptomsasmentionedbytheauthorlossofstaminaandstrengthproblemswithbalanceboutsofhorrificfacialpaindipsinvisualacuity,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Topicsforpresentation,2.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutMSandautoimmunedisease?(Pre.2),Causeasmentionedbytheauthortheassaultofimmunecellsonthebrain,withpossibleoriginingeneticmake-upor/andcombinationofenvironmentalfactorsTreatmentasmentionedbytheauthorinterferonandcopolymer-1,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Topicsforpresentation,3.WhatdidTerrydobeforesheself-experimented?(Pre.3),Pickingupbasicsciencesuchascellularphysiology,biochemistryandneurophysiologyReadingarticlesaboutnewMSdrugsinanimalmodelsandneurodegenerationofalltypesdementia,Parkinsonsdisease,Huntingtons,andLouGehrigsdisease,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Topicsforpresentation,4.WhatapproachesdidTerrymainlyusetodealwithneurodegeneration?(Pre.4),self-experimentationwithvariousnutrientstoslowneurodegenerationbasedonliteraturereportsonanimalmodelsself-experimentationwithneuromuscularelectricalstimulationstillbasedonliteratureonlinesearchtoidentifythesourcesofmicronutrientsreductionoffoodallergyandtoxicload,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Topicsforpresentation,5.Oneexampletoillustratethecorrelationbetweentoxicloadanddisease(Pre.5),With70%to90%oftheriskfordiabetes,heartdisease,cancer,andautoimmunitybeingduetoenvironmentalfactorsotherthangenetics,wecanprovidetherealsolutiontomanyhealthproblemsandthehealthcarecrisisbychangingourenvironment,forexample,optimizingournutritionandreducingourtoxicload.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Knowledgeofthesubjectmatter,thesurgeofadrenaline(P55)medicalschool(P55)aninternalmedicineresidency(P55)anacademicgeneralinternist(P55)todevelopachronicdisease(P55)Ihadonlytwooptions:accommodationandacceptanceofdeepeningdisabilitydespiteoptimaltreatment,orincreasedinvolvementinmyownhealthcare.(P55),Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Knowledgeofthesubjectmatter,Mydoctorsaidthatgeneticsaccountedforonly10to30%oftheriskofMS;therest(?)wasduetosomecombinationofunknownenvironmentalfactors.(P56)HenevertoldmewhatIcoulddotoaddressthoseunknownfactors,onlyofferinginterferonandcopolymer-1toreducetheriskofrelapse.(P56)Itwasincreasinglyapparentthat,withtime,becomingbedriddenduetomyillnesswasinevitable.(P56),Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Knowledgeofthesubjectmatter,Ibeganmyownstudyoftheliterature,readingarticleafterarticleonPubMed,knowingthattheseedsfortodaysclinicalcarewerelaidyears,sometimesdecadesearlierinthebasicscienceliterature.(P56)Atfirst,IlookedforrecentarticlestestingnewMSdrugsinanimalmodels.(P56)articlesconcerningneurodegenerationofalltypesdementia,Parkinsonsdisease,Huntingtons,andLouGehrigsdisease.(P56),Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Knowledgeofthesubjectmatter,Iaskedmyphysicaltherapisttoletmehaveatestsession.(P57)patientautonomyHetoldmethate-stim(ashecalledit)wasnotanapprovedtreatmentforMS.(P57)paternalisticapproachIreturnedtotheliterature.(P57)IturnedeventuallytoGoogle.(P57)WhichismorehelpfulandtowhatextentisGoogleareliantsourceofmedicalinformation?,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Knowledgeofthesubjectmatter,Inextlookedmoredeeplyattheenvironmentalfactorsassociatedwithpoorlyexplainedneurologicalandpsychologicalsymptoms.(P57)Twostoodout:foodallergiesandtoxicload.(P57)Ireturnedtotheliterature.(P57)Foodallergiescancauseamyriadofneurologicalandpsychologicalsymptoms,typicallywithoutanyabdominalcomplaints,decadesbeforediagnosisandareverydifficulttoidentify.(P57),Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Usefulexpressions,boutsofhorrificfacialpainWhenIdevelopedthefootdrop,thediagnosiswasmade:multiplesclerosis(MS).Hesaidthatfewerrelapseswouldmeanlessdisability,agreaterchancethatIdstillbewalking,working,andlivingmylifeasIonceknewittenyearslater.soItranslatedmouse-sizeddosestohumanonesHowever,althoughmydeclinehadslowed,Iwasstilldeclining.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Usefulexpressions,therewasnoguaranteethatmybraincouldtalktothesenewmuscles.soItranslatedmouse-sizeddosestohumanonesHowever,althoughmydeclinehadslowed,Iwasstilldeclining.therewasnoguaranteethatmybraincouldtalktothesenewmuscles.Itdidhurt.Alot.IfeltthebestIdfeltinyears.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Usefulexpressions,Mytherapistimplementedaprogramofe-stimcoupledwithdailyexercise.Asgoodasthearticlewas,itdidnotlistallofthebuildingblocksneededforoptimalbrainhealth.Themedicalliteraturedidnthavethatinformation,nordidtheregistereddieticianswithwhomIconsulted,nordidIseeitinthefoodscienceliterature.Buthedidletmehaveatestsession.IturnedeventuallytoGoogle,whichdidhelpme,nutrientbynutrient,tounderstandwherevariousmicronutrientsIwastakingbypilleachdaywerelocatedinthefoodsupply.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextACriticalreadingandthinking,Usefulexpressions,Physicianself-experimentationsometimesdoesnotgoasanticipated.Theunthinkabletheunimaginablehappened,stunningme,myfamily,andmyphysicians.Asaresult,IvechangedhowIpracticemedicine.Threeyearsintomyhealing,Iamagainexperimenting.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task1Overview,Criticalreadingandthinking,1.D2.literature,nutrients,stimulation,micronutrients,environmental,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextA,Task1/MedicalterminologyMatcheachdefinitionwithitscorrespondingEnglishtermandChineseequivalent.,pharmacotherapy,药物疗法,多态性,polymorphism,自体免疫的,autoimmune,copolymer,共聚物,adrenaline,肾上腺素,Suggestedanswers,Languagebuilding-up,2,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextA,sclerosis,硬化（症）,coenzyme,辅酶,herbicide,除草剂,internist,内科医生,trial,试验,Task1/MedicalterminologyMatcheachdefinitionwithitscorrespondingEnglishtermandChineseequivalent.,Suggestedanswers,2,Languagebuilding-up,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextA,Task2/Signpostlanguage,Sequence,Languagebuilding-up,Suggestedanswers,nextThen,UltimatelyAtfirst,EventuallyNow,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextA,Task2/Signpostlanguage,ThefollowingsentencesaretakenfromTextA.Fillintheblankswiththesignpostlanguageandthencompareyouranswerswiththeoriginalsentencesinthetext.,Languagebuilding-up,Suggestedanswers,Ultimately,1Joggingleftmefirst._,standingforanytimebecamedifficult._,despitemyuseofthemostcurrentpharmacotherapies,walkingandevensittingwastiring,soIneededatilt-reclinewheelchair.(Para.5),2_,IlookedforrecentarticlestestingnewMSdrugsinanimalmodels._,realizingIcouldnotaccessthosedrugsunlessIwasinaclinicaltrial,Iturnedtoarticlesconcerningneurodegenerationofalltypesdementia,Parkinsonsdisease,Huntingtons,andLouGehrigsdisease.(Para.8),Then,Atfirst,Eventually,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextA,Task2/Signpostlanguage,ThefollowingsentencesaretakenfromTextA.Fillintheblankswiththesignpostlanguageandthencompareyouranswerswiththeoriginalsentencesinthetext.,Languagebuilding-up,Suggestedanswers,Now,3DeterminedtooptimizeeverythingIcouldtohelpmybrainheal,I_lookedmoredeeplyattheenvironmentalfactorsassociatedwithpoorlyexplainedneurologicalandpsychologicalsymptoms.(Para.15),4_Ifocusonteachingmypatientshowtooptimizetheirnutrition,reducetheirtoxicload,andreducetheirriskoffoodallergies.(Para.19),next,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextA,Task3/FormalEnglish,ParaphrasethefollowingsentencesfromTextAwithalessformalstyle.,Languagebuilding-up,Suggestedanswers,Manythingshavehappenedsincethen.Iwenttoamedicalschool,completedaninternalmedicineresidency,andbecameamotherofasonandadaughter.,2.WhenImanifestedsymptomsofthefootdrop,Iwasdiagnosedwithmultiplesclerosis.,3.Heneverthelessallowedmeatestsession.Itdidhurtseverelyashepreviouslytoldme.,4.Iamagainexperimentingthreeyearsaftermyhealing.TheonlydifferenceisthatthistimeitisanIRB-approvedprotocolinsteadofself-experimentation.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextA,Additionalactivity,GrouppresentationAsanemergingbranchofscience,SocialNeuroscienceisunfamiliarandmysterioustomanypeople.Formgroupsof4-5tofindrelevantinformationaboutitandgetreadyforapresentationinclass.Thefollowingpromptsmaybehelpfultoyou:thedefinitionofSocialNeurosciencethemechanismthroughwhichbrain-to-brainlinkworkstheapplicationofsocialneurosciencetotreatmentofdiseasestheprospectsofSocialNeuroscience,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,CriticalreadingandthinkingSuggestedanswers,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,CriticalReadingandThinking,1.thefriendsrelationshipwithhisstudents(P37),Hewasnotjustinspiringinclassbuttakingagenuineinterestinthemintheirstudies,theirprogressthroughlife,theirfearsandhopes.Awidecircleofformerstudentscountthemselvesamonghislifelongfriends;Heandhiswifehavealwayswelcomedasteadystreamofvisitorstotheirhome.,Writedowntheinformationonthefollowingtopics.Thencompareyouranswerswithyourpartner.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,CriticalReadingandThinking,2.thediscoveryofmirrorneurons(P66),Mirrorneurons,awidelydispersedclassofbraincellsthatoperatelikeneuralWiFi,tracktheemotionalflow,movementandevenintentionsofthepersonwearewith,andreplicatethissensedstateinourownbrainbystirringinourbrainthesameareasactiveintheotherperson.Mirrorneuronsofferaneuralmechanismthatexplainsemotionalcontagion.,Writedowntheinformationonthefollowingtopics.Thencompareyouranswerswithyourpartner.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,CriticalReadingandThinking,3.DiamondandAspinwallsresearch(PP66),PsychologistsattheUniversityofUtahReviewedresearchdataaboutcoordinationofemotions,cardiovascularreactionsorbrainstatesbetweenmotherswiththeirinfants,maritalpartnersarguingandevenamongpeopleinmeetingsinthepastfewdecades.Offeredtheinfelicitousterm“amutuallyregulatingpsychobiologicalunit”todescribethemergingoftwodiscretephysiologiesintoaconnectedcircuit.Argue/concludethatemotionalclosenessallowsthebiologyofonepersontoinfluencethatoftheother.,Writedowntheinformationonthefollowingtopics.Thencompareyouranswerswithyourpartner.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,CriticalReadingandThinking,4.significanceofCaciopposresearch(PP66),DirectoroftheCenterforCognitiveandSocialNeuroscienceattheUniversityofChicagoProposedthattheemotionalstatusofourmainrelationshipshasasignificantimpactonouroverallpatternofcardiovascularandneuroendocrineactivity.Thistheoryradicallyexpandsthescopeofbiologyandneurosciencefromfocusingonasinglebodyorbraintolookingattheinterplaybetweentwoatatime.,Writedowntheinformationonthefollowingtopics.Thencompareyouranswerswithyourpartner.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,CriticalReadingandThinking,5.themeaningofa“brokenheart”(P67),Socialrejectionactivatestheveryzonesofthebrainthatgenerate,amongotherthings,thestingofphysicalpain.Therefore,theterm“brokenheart”mayactuallyrefernotonlytothepsychologicalpainfromrejectionorthedisappearanceoflovedonesbutalsothegenuinephysicalhurt.,Writedowntheinformationonthefollowingtopics.Thencompareyouranswerswithyourpartner.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,Usefulexpressions,AwidecircleofformerstudentsasteadystreamofvisitorstotheirhomethisflowofpeoplewholovehimAwidecircleofformerstudentsasteadystreamofvisitorstotheirhomethisflowofpeoplewholovehimMirrorneuronsofferaneuralmechanismthatexplainsemotionalcontagionthetendencyofonepersontocatchthefeelingsofanother,particularlyifstronglyexpressed.Thisbrain-to-brainlinkmayalsoaccountforfeelingsofrapport,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,Usefulexpressions,Reviewingdecadesofsuchdata,Lisa.,offerTothedegreethatthisoccurs,Dr.DiamondandDr.Aspinwallargue,emotionalclosenessallowsthebiologyofonepersontoinfluencethatoftheother.makesaparallelproposalexpandsthescopeofbiologyandneurosciencefromfocusingonasinglebodyorbraintolookingattheinterplaybetweentwoatatime,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,Usefulexpressions,Inshort,myhostilitybumpsupyourbloodpressure,yournurturinglovelowersmine.Potentially,weareeachothersbiologicalenemiesorallies.alltoomanypeoplethatgenerate,amongotherthings,thestingofphysicalpain.exclusionwasadeathsentenceinhumanprehistory.Theynotethatinmanylanguagesthewordsthatdescribea“brokenheart”fromrejectionborrowthelexiconofphysicalhurt.,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,Usefulexpressions,theteamconsideredhaltingthesurgeryTheyproposedthistothepersonthetwinshadchosentorepresentthem,buttherepresentativeinsistedthatthesisterswouldwanttheseparationtoproceednomatterwhat,sothedoctorspressedon.keepingthenameconfidentialthewomensadoptiveandbiologicalfathers,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,Difficultsentences,Throughagrindingmixofchemotherapy,radiationandalltheothernecessaryindignitiesofoncology,hehaslivedon,despitedireprognosestothecontrary.经历了种种磨难，如化疗、放疗和其他种种因为身患肿瘤而必须承受的屈辱等，他还继续活着，尽管预后很不乐观。,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,Difficultsentences,Evenremotelysuggestinghealthbenefitsfromtheseinterconnectionswill,nodoubt,raisehacklesinmedicalcircles.即使十分隐讳地暗示这些互联对健康有裨益，在医界毫无疑问会引起轩然大波。,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextB,Suggestedanswers,Criticalreadingandthinking,Task1CompleteeachofthefollowingsentencesaccordingtoTextB.,1sociallife2mechanism3activating4reviewingresearchdata5mutualinfluencebetweentwoatatime6theyareaccompaniedbysomeonetheylove7physically/neurologically8thelargenumberofpeoplewhowanttopayavisit,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextC,Suggestedanswers,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,TextC,Task:TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese,Suggestedanswers,通常在第二阶段期间或者第二阶段结束时，需要决定是否开始耗资巨大且耗费大量资源的第二阶段b期和关键性的第三阶段临床试验，这是药物研发的第三个里程碑。在这个阶段，显然不仅要进行全面的医学/科学分析，这包括对该化合物性能的预判，还要进行全面的财务分析，这些工作是第三个里程碑的一部分。,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Listening,Note-takingFormsSuggestedanswers,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Listening,Note-takingForms,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Listening,Suggestedanswers,Task1,40,00056,300Measurestaken13-648222AfricanAmericansTakeCharge,TaketheTest4DevelopmentofacomprehensiveHIVpreventionplanthroughtheyear2020,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Listening,Suggestedanswers,Task2,expandaccesstoHIVincidencesurveillancesystemTargetingprecisioncompellingreasonsspecificinformation,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Speaking,MakinganArgumentTaskandadditionalactivity,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Speaking,Makinganargument,1)thesisstatementorclaim2)evidencethatsupportstheclaim.,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Speaking,Makinganargument,ExpressyouropinionItwouldseemtomethatAsfarasImabletojudge,Mybelief/interpretationisFromwhatIunderstand,AsIunderstandit,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Speaking,Makinganargument,ProvideevidenceAsevidencedinAgoodcaseinpointisConsiderthecaseof.,Anexamplecanbeseen,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Speaking,Task,Workinpairstodebatewitheachotheronthefollowingtopicsbypracticingtheexpressionslistedabove.Shouldpatientsself-experimentationforacurebeencouraged?Shouldthetimerequiredforthedevelopmentofanewdrugbeshortened?,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Speaking,Additionalactivity,Asanemergingbranchofscience,SocialNeuroscienceisunfamiliarandmysterioustomanypeople.Formgroupsof4-5tofindrelevantinformationaboutitandgetreadyforapresentationinclass.Thefollowingpromptsmaybehelpfultoyou:thedefinitionofSocialNeurosciencethemechanismthroughwhichbrain-to-brainlinkworkstheapplicationofsocialneurosciencetotreatmentofdiseasestheprospectsofSocialNeuroscience,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,Writing,WritinganintroductionTask,Unit3PreventionandTreatmentofDiseases,WritingResearchPa