实用英语语音学

TheEnglishSpeechSounds,主讲：梁慧,Theimportanceofphoneticstudy,1)Phoneticsisthescienceofspeechsounds.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguage.Alanguageconsistsofthreeimportantelements,namely,speechsounds,vocabularyandgrammar.Speechsoundisthematerialformonwhichwordandgrammarrelyforexistence.Divorcedfromspeechsound,wordandgrammararenon-existent.Sothefirststepinstudyinganyspokenlanguageistodeterminethephonemes.(Basicsounds)2)Asameansofcommunicationbywordofmouth,languageisusedinoralspeechandinreadingaloud.Therefore,inordertomakeoneselfeasilyunderstoodwhileexpressingonesownorotherpeoplesthoughtsinanylanguage,onemustbeabletopronouncesentencesinthatlanguagequitecorrectly.Onemusthavegoodpronunciationinordertobeabletounderstandotherpeopleeasilywhentheyspeakorreadaloud.Thisisprovedbythewell-knownfactthatthebetterwepronounceaforeignlanguage,theeasierweunderstanditwhenwehearit.,Conceptionsofphonetic,AHD:TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageKK:APronouncingDictionaryofAmerican,1956-JohnSamuelKenyonee:seeweekea:sealeave;i:machinepolice/i/i:shippig;y:happydaddyui:buildguilty;ie:fieldshield/e/e:twelvesecond;a:anymanyea:heavybreakfastie:friend/a:landmatterfamily,TheBackVowels,TherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish:/a:/,/:/,/,/u:/,/u/./a:/isalong,open,unroundedbackvowel./:/isalong,half-open,roundedbackvowel.Itisslightlytense./isashort,open,rounded,laxbackvowel./u:/isalong,close,rounded,tensebackvowel./u/isashort,half-close,rounded,laxbackvowel.,Exampleandpractice,/a:/ar:hardfarmer;a:classglassal:halfcalf/:/or:shortcorn;ore:morebeforeoor:doorfloor/our:fourpour;a:washwhato:stophotau:autumndaughter;al:callwalk/u:/u:blueruler;oo:moonfood/u/u:put;oo:footgood;oul:couldwould,ThecentralVowels,TherethreecentralvowelsinEnglish:/,/:/,/./isashort,half-open,unroundedcentralvowel.Itisalaxone./:/isalong,half-closeandhalf-open,unrounded,tensecentralvowel./isashort,half-open,unrounded,laxcentralvowel.Itonlyoccursinunstressedsyllables.,Exampleandpractice,/u:sunhungry;o:sonanotherou:enoughcoupledoubleyoung/:/er:termcertainly;ir:firstthirdur:turnThursday;or:workwordear:learnearly/a:awaywoman;e:studentbrokener:overmatter,Diphthongs,Thereareeightdiphthongs.Theyaredividedintothreegroups:threewithaglidetowards/i/twowithaglidetowards/u/threewithaglidetowards/,TheclosingDiphthongs,TherearefiveclosingdiphthongsinEnglish./ei/,/ai/,/i/,/u/,/au/ei/beginswith/e/andglidessmoothlyto/i/ai/glidesfrom/a/to/i/.Itissmoothandloudnessbecomeslessasitprogresses./i/glidesfromapositionbetween/and/:/to/i/./u/startswith/:/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded./au/startswith/a/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded.,Exampleandpractice,/ei/a:takegate;ay:staysay;ea:great/ai/i:sidenice;ie:tiedie;y:byshy/i/oi:toiletboilnoise;oy:boytoy/u/o:notmost;oa:boatcoatow:blowknow/au/ou:housemouse;ow:nowbrown,TheCentringDighthongs,Therearethreecentringdiphthongs:/i/,/,/u/i/glidesfrom/i/to/.Thelipsarespreadthroughout./glidesfromapointbetween/e/and/.Thelipsarespread./u/startsfrom/u/andglidesto/.,/i/ea:ideareal;ear:dearnearere:here;e:herozero/air:chairhair;are:carefuldareear:pearwear;ere:therewhere/u/ure:sure;ua:usually,Exampleandpractice,ConsonantsClassificationofConsonants,Consonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtofollowingrules:Theworkofthevocalcords2)Placeofarticulation3)Mannerofarticulation,WorkoftheVocalCords,Voicedconsonants:theyareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.Voicelessconsonants:theyareproducedwithoutthevibrationofthevocalcords.,PlaceofArticulation,1)bi-labial（双唇音）2)labio-dental（唇齿音）3)dental（齿音）4)alveolar（齿龈音）5)post-alveolar（后齿龈音）6)palato-alveolar（硬腭齿龈音）7)palatal（硬腭音）8)velar（软腭音）9)glottal（喉音）,MannerofArticulation,1)plosives（爆破音）2)fricatives（摩擦音）3)affricates（破擦音）4)nasals（鼻音）5)lateral（边音）（舌侧音）6)frictionlesscontinuant（无摩擦延续音）7)semi-vowels（半元音）,MannerofArticulation:1)Plosives,Therearethreepairsofplosives:bilabial-/p/,/b/Alveolar-/t/,/d/Velar-/k/,/g/Thesound/b,d,g/arevoicedplosives.TheyareunaspiratedandweakThesound/p,t,k/arevoiceless;polsives.Theyareusuallyaspiratedandstrong.,Exampleandpractice:,/p/isvoiceless,bilabial,plosive,aspiratedstrong./b/isvoiced,bilabial,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:patbatpaperlabormapbobbyrobber,/t/:voiceless,alveolar,plosive,aspirated,strong./d/:voiced,alveolar,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:tendadtighttidewriterriderwettingwedding,/k/:voiceless,velar,plosive,aspirated,strong./g/:voiced,velar,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:couldgoodcotgotweekleekankleangle,MannerofArticulation:2)Fricatives,Therearenineconsonantsoffricatives:/f/,/v/,/,/,/s/,/z/,/,/,/h/Theyhavethecommonfeature:Forallofthemthelungspushairthroughanarrowpassagewhereitcausesfrictionofvariouskinds.,Exampleandpractice:,/f/:voiceless,labio-dental,fricative,usuallyaspirated,strong,long./v/:voiced,labio-dental,fricative,usuallyunaspirated,weak,short.Practice:ahalfsniffabriefloveastiffgloveasafemoveabravebluffagravegrief,/:voiceless,dental,fricative,aspiratedstrong,long./:voiced,dental,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:thinkthisthiefthesethingwithinsomethingother,/s/:voiceless,alveolar,fricative,aspirated,strong,long./z/:voiced,alveolar,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:placeplayscoarsecausebusbuzzraceraisefalsefallsnieceknees,/:voiceless,palato-alveolar,fricative,aspirated,strong,long./:voiced,palato-alveolar,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short./h/:voiceless,glottal,fricative,Practice:,/sh:shipwash;ss/s:suresugar-tia-,-tie-,-tio-:partialinitialnation-cia-,-cie-,-cio-:socialconscious-sion:pensiondiscussionomission/-sure,-zure:leisuretreasure-sion:decisionconfusion-ge:garage/h/h:heathot;wh-:whowhole,MannerofArticulation:3)Affricates,TherearethreepairsofaffricatesinEnglish:/,/:theairpassageiscompletelyblockedbyraisingthesoftpalateandraisingthetipofthetonguetotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge/tr/,/dr/:arearticulatedbyraisingthetonguetiptotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge./ts/,/dz/:arearticulatedwiththetonguetipraisedtotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge.,Exampleandpractice:,/:palato-alvealar,affricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long./:palato-alveolar,affricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:/:ch,tch:churchchairmatcht+ure,t+eous:naturepicturet+ion:questionsuggestion/:g:gentleagegiant;j:justjokedg(e):ridgeedgejudge,/tr/:post-alveolaraffricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long./dr/:post-alveolaraffricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:treatdraintruedrugtracedrawtraindrop,/ts/:alveolaraffricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long./dz/:alveolaraffricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:/ts/:-ts,-tes:letsfistsbites/dz/:-ds,-des:bedsspendsdivides,MannerofArticulation:4)Nasals,TherearethreenasalconsonantsinEnglish./m/,/n/,/.Inarticulatingallnasalconsonantsthesoftpalateisloweredandatthesametimethemouthpassageisblockedatsomepointsothatalltheairispushedoutofthenose.,/m/themouthpassageiscompletelyblockedbyclosingthelipsandtheairpassesthroughthenose./n/themouthpassageiscompletelyblockedbypressingthetongue-tipagainsttheteethridge,andsidesofthetongueagainstthesidesofthepalate.Theairpassesthroughthenose./themouthisblockedbythebackofthetonguepressedagainstthesoftpalate.Thesoftpalateisloweredandalltheairpassesthroughthenose.,Exampleandpractice:,/m/:voicedbilabialnasal/n/:voicedalveolarnasal/:voicedvelarnasalPractice:/m/:m/mm:meatsummer-mb:lambthumb-mn:autumnsolemn/n/:n/nn:nightsunnyfunnykn-:knowknifekneelgn:signdesign/:-ng:singspring;n-:sinkangeruncle,MannerofArticulation:5)Lateral,ThereisonlyonelateralinEnglish:/l/:thetongue-tipslightlytouchestheteethridgewhilethesidesofthetongueareloweredtoformaratherwidepassage.Theairpassesatthesidesofthetonguewithoutfriction.Englishpeopleusetwodifferent/l/sounds:theclear/l/anddark/l/.,Exampleandpractice:,/l/isavoicedalveolarlateralconsonant.Practice:leavefilllatefieldmillonbelttellingholdNote:theletterlissilentinanumberofwords.e.g.talkwalkhalfshouldfolk,MannerofArticulation:6)Frictionlesscontinuant,Thereisonefrictionlesscontinuant./r/When/r/isarticulatedthetipofthetongueisheldneartothebackpartoftheteethridge,butnottouchingit;thebackrimsofthetonguearetouchingtheuppermolar;thecentralpartofthetongueislowered,sothatthetonguehasacurvedshape.,Exampleandpracti